<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Critical Hungary]]></title><description><![CDATA[Strategic analysis of Hungary: the reward rules that produce its outcomes and the narratives that keep them from being questioned. Long essays, heavily sourced, on no one's side. English and Hungarian.]]></description><link>https://www.criticalhungary.hu</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qf1j!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91af46ec-1a68-4391-9767-fbcac937eaaf_1024x1024.png</url><title>Critical Hungary</title><link>https://www.criticalhungary.hu</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Wed, 09 Sep 2026 02:34:26 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[© Zoltán Bodó - Critical Hungary | Kritikus Magyarország]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[criticalhungary@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[criticalhungary@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Zoltán Bodó]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Zoltán Bodó]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[criticalhungary@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[criticalhungary@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Zoltán Bodó]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[A kisajátító elit]]></title><description><![CDATA[N&#233;gy &#233;vtized, &#246;t m&#243;d, egy szab&#225;ly]]></description><link>https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/a-kisajatito-elit</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/a-kisajatito-elit</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Zoltán Bodó]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 30 Aug 2026 18:30:44 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y8td!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14fd40cd-d793-4be6-8a87-573d5413dad1_1080x1350.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y8td!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14fd40cd-d793-4be6-8a87-573d5413dad1_1080x1350.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y8td!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14fd40cd-d793-4be6-8a87-573d5413dad1_1080x1350.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y8td!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14fd40cd-d793-4be6-8a87-573d5413dad1_1080x1350.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y8td!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14fd40cd-d793-4be6-8a87-573d5413dad1_1080x1350.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y8td!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14fd40cd-d793-4be6-8a87-573d5413dad1_1080x1350.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y8td!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14fd40cd-d793-4be6-8a87-573d5413dad1_1080x1350.jpeg" width="1080" height="1350" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y8td!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14fd40cd-d793-4be6-8a87-573d5413dad1_1080x1350.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y8td!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14fd40cd-d793-4be6-8a87-573d5413dad1_1080x1350.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y8td!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14fd40cd-d793-4be6-8a87-573d5413dad1_1080x1350.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y8td!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14fd40cd-d793-4be6-8a87-573d5413dad1_1080x1350.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@gabrielonodegba">gabbiistudios</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><blockquote><div><hr></div></blockquote><p><em>Volt egy rendszerv&#225;lt&#225;s, de a rendszer m&#369;k&#246;d&#233;si szab&#225;lyai a felsz&#237;n alatt nem sokat v&#225;ltoztak. Magyarorsz&#225;g els&#337;sorban nem az&#233;rt teljes&#237;t tart&#243;san a k&#233;pess&#233;gei alatt, mert rossz emberek vezetik. Hanem mert rossz a juttat&#225;sok &#233;s elismer&#233;sek szab&#225;lyrendszere. Ezt a szab&#225;lyt pedig az elit &#237;rja. Az 1989 el&#337;tti peri&#243;dus most nincs a f&#243;kuszban. A rendszerv&#225;lt&#225;s nem &#225;rtatlan, csak adott, ami persze t&#246;bb k&#252;l&#246;n &#237;r&#225;st is &#233;rdemelne, hiszen a nomenklat&#250;ra jelent&#337;s r&#233;sze meg&#337;rizte elitst&#225;tusz&#225;t, a vagyon pedig t&#246;bbnyire kapcsolati &#250;ton cser&#233;lt gazd&#225;t, nem piacon. Az Orb&#225;n-korszakot sem ves&#233;zem ki. Az&#233;rt nem, mert &#233;ppen az az &#233;rvem, hogy nem az a magyar&#225;zat. Az Orb&#225;n vagy a NER nem a rendszer okoz&#243;ja, hanem a legk&#246;vetkezetesebb kihaszn&#225;l&#243;ja, a legs&#250;lyosabb t&#252;nete. Ha a probl&#233;ma 2010-ben kezd&#337;d&#246;tt volna, kor&#225;bban nem lenn&#233;nek ugyanezek a jelens&#233;gek. Pedig vannak, &#233;s a bizony&#237;t&#233;kaim t&#246;bbs&#233;ge 2010 el&#337;tti id&#337;szakra vonatkozik. Ez&#233;rt nem p&#225;rt&#252;gy ez. Aki csak az egyik oldalt keresi benne, csal&#243;dni fog.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em><a href="https://www.forbes.hu/podcast/forbes-deal2036-kulloi-peter-bator-tabor-filantropia/">&#8220;A magyar elit domin&#225;nsan taker... Ez egy rossz min&#337;s&#233;g&#369; elit.&#8221; </a></em><a href="https://www.forbes.hu/podcast/forbes-deal2036-kulloi-peter-bator-tabor-filantropia/">&#8212; K&#252;ll&#337;i P&#233;ter</a>, befektet&#233;si bank&#225;r, filantr&#243;p, aki saj&#225;t meghat&#225;roz&#225;sa szerint a rendszerv&#225;lt&#225;s egyik nyertese</p><div><hr></div><h2>Sz&#225;mok &#233;s szakad&#233;kok</h2><p>K&#233;t sz&#225;m, &#233;s a k&#246;z&#246;tt&#252;k h&#250;z&#243;d&#243; t&#225;vols&#225;g. Err&#337;l sz&#243;l ez az essz&#233;.</p><p>Ilonszki Gabriella 2009-es monogr&#225;fi&#225;ja  szerint a magyar k&#233;pvisel&#337;i elit m&#225;r a kilencvenes &#233;vek k&#246;zep&#233;t&#337;l kezdve folyamatosan <em>&#8222;besimul az eur&#243;pai elit &#225;tlag&#225;ba&#8221;</em>.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> Az orsz&#225;ggy&#369;l&#233;si k&#233;pvisel&#337;k k&#246;r&#233;ben ez az ar&#225;ny meghaladja a 90 sz&#225;zal&#233;kot, ami magasabb, mint sz&#225;mos nyugat-eur&#243;pai parlamentben. A magyar elit 92&#8211;96 sz&#225;zal&#233;ka rendelkezik egyetemi diplom&#225;val. L&#225;tsz&#243;lag az elit&#252;nk egy&#225;ltal&#225;n nem t&#369;nik iskol&#225;zatlannak! </p><p>Ezzel szemben a magyar munkatermel&#233;kenys&#233;g k&#246;r&#252;lbel&#252;l 30 sz&#225;zal&#233;kkal alacsonyabb az Eur&#243;pai Uni&#243; &#225;tlag&#225;n&#225;l. Az egy f&#337;re jut&#243; GDP az uni&#243;s &#225;tlag 77 sz&#225;zal&#233;k&#225;n &#225;ll. Exportunkban a hozz&#225;adott &#233;rt&#233;k nagyj&#225;b&#243;l fel&#233;t itthon &#225;ll&#237;tj&#225;k el&#337;; p&#233;ld&#225;ul Csehorsz&#225;gban ez az ar&#225;ny majdnem 60 sz&#225;zal&#233;k, Rom&#225;ni&#225;ban pedig t&#246;bb mint 70 sz&#225;zal&#233;k. Kutat&#225;s-fejleszt&#233;sre a GDP 1,5&#8211;1,7 sz&#225;zal&#233;k&#225;t ford&#237;tjuk, mik&#246;zben az uni&#243; &#225;tlag&#225;ban ez meghaladja a 2 sz&#225;zal&#233;kot, &#233;s m&#233;g mindig mintegy 17,9 milli&#225;rd eur&#243;nyi uni&#243;s forr&#225;s v&#225;rakozik befagyasztva.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a> </p><p>B&#225;r l&#225;tsz&#243;lag a r&#233;gi&#243; egyik legk&#233;pzettebb diplom&#225;s elitje ir&#225;ny&#237;tja, ez a gazdas&#225;g m&#233;gis az egyik leggyeng&#233;bben teljes&#237;t&#337;. Ezt az ellentmond&#225;st &#233;rtelmezni kell. A magyar&#225;zat nem az, hogy ostob&#225;k lenn&#233;nek. B&#225;rmi is a probl&#233;ma, az nem abb&#243;l fakad, hogy az orsz&#225;g vezet&#337;i ne lenn&#233;nek iskol&#225;zottak.</p><p>A magyar&#225;zatot abban kell keresni, hogy mi az, amit a rendszer&#252;nk &#246;szt&#246;n&#246;z &#233;s jutalmaz.</p><div><hr></div><h2>A sz&#243;, amit haszn&#225;lhatatlann&#225; tett&#252;nk</h2><p>Egy 2025-&#246;s essz&#233;mben &#8212; <em><a href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/vezetoi-kultura-amely-visszahuz">&#8220;Vezet&#337;i kult&#250;ra, amely visszah&#250;z&#8221;</a></em> &#8212; m&#225;r &#233;rintettem, hogy komoly, t&#246;bb &#233;vtizedes elitprobl&#233;m&#225;nk van, &#233;s hogy ez az orsz&#225;g m&#369;k&#246;d&#233;si zavarai k&#246;z&#252;l t&#246;bbet is magyar&#225;z. Ez az &#237;r&#225;s annak a folytat&#225;sa.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a></p><p>K&#252;ll&#337;i P&#233;ter j&#243; kiindul&#243;pont, nemcsak az&#233;rt, mert egy vele k&#233;sz&#252;lt Forbes-interj&#250; elitr&#337;l sz&#243;l&#243; r&#233;szei adtak inspir&#225;ci&#243;t ehhez az &#237;r&#225;shoz, hanem az&#233;rt is, mert annak a rendszernek a nyertese, amelyet b&#237;r&#225;l. Eredetileg &#233;p&#237;t&#337;m&#233;rn&#246;knek tanult, majd a lehet&#337; legjobb pillanatban nyergelt &#225;t a p&#233;nz&#252;gyi szektorra. T&#225;rsalap&#237;t&#243;ja volt egy tan&#225;csad&#243; c&#233;gnek, amelyet r&#233;szben felv&#225;s&#225;rolt a Coopers &amp; Lybrand<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a>; k&#246;zrem&#369;k&#246;d&#246;tt a MOL, a Richter &#233;s a Mat&#225;v t&#337;zsdei bevezet&#233;s&#233;ben, v&#233;g&#252;l egy befektet&#233;si bank londoni m&#369;k&#246;d&#233;s&#233;t vezette. Harmincegy &#233;vesen eld&#246;nt&#246;tte, hogy negyven&#233;vesen visszavonul, &#233;s elkezd visszaadni a t&#225;rsadalomnak &#8212; &#233;s pontosan ezt tette. 2001 &#243;ta a B&#225;tor T&#225;bor Alap&#237;tv&#225;ny eln&#246;ke. Amikor arr&#243;l k&#233;rdezt&#233;k, a rendszerv&#225;lt&#225;s egyik nagy nyertes&#233;nek tartja-e mag&#225;t, nem kertel: <em><a href="https://www.forbes.hu/podcast/forbes-deal2036-kulloi-peter-bator-tabor-filantropia/">&#8220;Abszol&#250;t. &#201;n j&#243;kor voltam, j&#243; helyen.&#8221;</a></em><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a></p><div id="youtube2-dqI-_ijjW6c" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;dqI-_ijjW6c&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/dqI-_ijjW6c?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>A rendszerv&#225;lt&#225;s egyik nyertese elmagyar&#225;zza, mi&#233;rt volt nagy lehet&#337;s&#233;ge Magyarorsz&#225;gnak 1990-ben, &#233;s mi&#233;rt nem &#233;lt vele j&#243;l. Amikor a magyar elittel kapcsolatban a &#8222;<em>takerekr&#337;l</em>&#8221; besz&#233;l, Grant Adam<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a> szervezetpszichol&#243;gus ismert feloszt&#225;s&#225;t haszn&#225;lja. Ez a feloszt&#225;s az emberek h&#225;rom csoportj&#225;t k&#252;l&#246;nb&#246;zteti meg: <em>adakoz&#243;k</em> (&#8222;givers&#8221;), <em>viszonz&#243;k</em> (&#8222;matchers&#8221; &#8212; K&#252;ll&#337;i sz&#243;haszn&#225;lat&#225;ban &#8222;dealerek&#8221;) &#233;s <em>kihaszn&#225;l&#243;k</em> (&#8222;takers&#8221;).  Az adakoz&#243;k an&#233;lk&#252;l adnak, hogy elv&#225;rn&#225;k a viszonz&#225;st. A viszonz&#243;k annyit adnak, amennyit kapnak. A kihaszn&#225;l&#243;k els&#337;sorban kapni akarnak. Innen jut el a k&#246;vetkeztet&#233;shez: <em><a href="https://www.forbes.hu/podcast/forbes-deal2036-kulloi-peter-bator-tabor-filantropia/">&#8220;A magyar elit domin&#225;nsan taker... Ez egy rossz min&#337;s&#233;g&#369; elit.&#8221;</a></em>.</p><p>Igaza van. Ebben a form&#225;ban viszont haszn&#225;lhatatlan a rendszer meg&#233;rt&#233;s&#233;hez.</p><p>Haszn&#225;lhatatlan, mert erk&#246;lcsi c&#237;mke, az erk&#246;lcsi c&#237;mk&#233;k pedig nem magyar&#225;zz&#225;k el a k&#252;l&#246;nbs&#233;geket. A mindenkori elit minden&#252;tt elvesz vagy kihaszn&#225;l valamit. Ha a kihaszn&#225;l&#225;s egyszer&#369;en &#225;ltal&#225;nos emberi hajlam, akkor nem magyar&#225;zza meg, hogy mi&#233;rt &#225;llunk <a href="https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2026-03-20/stable-stagnation-hungarys-economic-standing-after-16-years">az uni&#243;s &#225;tlag 77 sz&#225;zal&#233;k&#225;n, mik&#246;zben a csehek nem</a>. Az&#233;rt is haszn&#225;lhatatlan, mert csak egyetlen gombot nyom be: &#8220;<em>de h&#225;t minden elit ilyen&#8221;</em>. Ez&#233;rt a jellemre &#233;p&#237;tett magyar&#225;zatnak nincs &#233;rdemi v&#225;lasza. &#201;s az&#233;rt is, mert nem k&#237;n&#225;l igazi kiutat. Ha a magyar elit az&#233;rt <em>taker</em>, mert egyszer&#369;en ilyen jellem&#369; emberekb&#337;l &#225;ll, akkor ezen nem lehet semmit v&#225;ltoztatni, &#233;s ezt az &#237;r&#225;st ak&#225;r itt is be lehetne fejezni.</p><p>Ez&#233;rt a fogalomnak pontosabb jelent&#233;st kell adnunk:</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><h4><strong>A </strong><em><strong>taker</strong></em><strong> nem felt&#233;tlen&#252;l lelkiismeretlen ember. A </strong><em><strong>takerek</strong></em><strong> olyan kisaj&#225;t&#237;t&#243; poz&#237;ci&#243;kat foglalnak el, ahol j&#246;vedelm&#252;k, st&#225;tuszuk vagy befoly&#225;suk nem az &#225;ltaluk l&#233;trehozott &#233;rt&#233;kt&#337;l f&#252;gg, hanem att&#243;l, amit m&#225;sokt&#243;l kisaj&#225;t&#237;tanak.</strong></h4></div><p>Ez m&#225;r nem a szem&#233;lyis&#233;gre, hanem egy <strong>poz&#237;ci&#243;ra</strong> vonatkoz&#243; &#225;ll&#237;t&#225;s. M&#233;rhet&#337; is. <a href="https://tarki.hu/sites/default/files/2019-04/2019_Book_Rent-Seekers.pdf">Mih&#225;lyi P&#233;ter &#233;s Szel&#233;nyi Iv&#225;n</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-7" href="#footnote-7" target="_self">7</a><a href="https://tarki.hu/sites/default/files/2019-04/2019_Book_Rent-Seekers.pdf"> egy eg&#233;sz k&#246;nyvet szenteltek annak, hogy megk&#252;l&#246;nb&#246;ztess&#233;k a &#8220;j&#225;rad&#233;kb&#243;l&#8221; sz&#225;rmaz&#243; j&#246;vedelmet</a> &#8211; amely monop&#243;liumokb&#243;l, enged&#233;lyekb&#337;l, politikai kapcsolatokb&#243;l vagy szab&#225;lyoz&#225;si kiv&#225;lts&#225;gokb&#243;l ered &#8211; att&#243;l a j&#246;vedelemt&#337;l, amely versenyben megszerzett profitb&#243;l vagy munkab&#233;rb&#337;l sz&#225;rmazik. Ez orsz&#225;gonk&#233;nt elt&#233;r, &#233;s &#233;pp ez&#233;rt lehet Magyarorsz&#225;gr&#243;l &#225;ll&#237;t&#225;st megfogalmazni. A meghat&#225;roz&#225;s a szem&#233;lycser&#233;ket is t&#250;l&#233;li, mert a poz&#237;ci&#243; tov&#225;bb &#233;l, mint az, aki &#233;ppen bet&#246;lti. &#201;s &#8212; ahogy l&#225;tni fogjuk &#8212; megmagyar&#225;z valamit, amit a jellemvon&#225;sokra &#233;p&#252;l&#337; magyar&#225;zat nem tud: hogy ugyanazok a magyarok mi&#233;rt kezdenek teljesen m&#225;sk&#233;pp viselkedni, amint &#225;tl&#233;pik a hat&#225;rt.</p><p>Ha ebb&#337;l a n&#233;z&#337;pontb&#243;l tekint&#252;nk r&#225;, az &#225;ll&#237;t&#225;s nem s&#233;rt&#233;snek, hanem diagn&#243;zisnak hat. Magyarorsz&#225;gon a magas j&#246;vedelemhez &#233;s t&#225;rsadalmi st&#225;tuszhoz jellemz&#337;en nem a versenyben l&#233;trehozott &#233;rt&#233;ken kereszt&#252;l, hanem kiosztott j&#225;rad&#233;kok (&#233;n olvasatomban kisaj&#225;t&#237;t&#225;sok) megszerz&#233;s&#233;vel vezet az &#250;t. Az &#233;vek sor&#225;n e j&#225;rad&#233;kok forr&#225;sai v&#225;ltoztak: a kilencvenes &#233;vek elej&#233;n az &#225;llami vagyon privatiz&#225;ci&#243;ja, k&#233;s&#337;bb a bankkonszolid&#225;ci&#243;, az uni&#243;s csatlakoz&#225;s ut&#225;n a koh&#233;zi&#243;s forr&#225;sok, 2011 ut&#225;n az ad&#243;rendszerb&#337;l kinyerhet&#337; el&#337;ny&#246;k, mik&#246;zben a k&#246;zbeszerz&#233;sek mindv&#233;gig meghat&#225;roz&#243; szerepet j&#225;tszottak. <strong>Az alapvet&#337; &#246;szt&#246;nz&#337;rendszer azonban v&#225;ltozatlan maradt. </strong>Ennek k&#246;vetkezt&#233;ben az elitnek kev&#233;s szem&#233;lyes &#233;rdeke f&#369;z&#337;dik a nemzeti termel&#233;kenys&#233;g<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-8" href="#footnote-8" target="_self">8</a> n&#246;vel&#233;s&#233;hez, ami r&#233;szben megmagyar&#225;zza annak tart&#243;san alacsony szintj&#233;t.</p><div><hr></div><h2>Az egyoldal&#250;an felmondott alku</h2><p>Mire val&#243; az elit? Ha leh&#225;ntjuk r&#243;la a szociol&#243;giai fogalmakat, az elitst&#225;tusz val&#243;j&#225;ban egy t&#225;rsadalmi alku, amely alapj&#225;n <strong>ar&#225;nytalanul nagyobb jutalom j&#225;r ar&#225;nytalanul nagyobb felel&#337;ss&#233;g&#233;rt cser&#233;be</strong>. </p><p>Ez az alku legitim&#225;lja az elit st&#225;tusz&#225;t, nemcsak t&#233;nyszer&#369;v&#233; teszi. A t&#246;rt&#233;nelem minden m&#369;k&#246;d&#337; elitje megfizette poz&#237;ci&#243;ja &#225;r&#225;t &#8212; katonai szolg&#225;lattal, kock&#225;ra tett t&#337;k&#233;vel, k&#246;zigazgat&#225;si felel&#337;ss&#233;ggel vagy valamilyen erk&#246;lcsi sz&#237;nvonal &#337;rz&#233;s&#233;vel. A <em>noblesse oblige</em> nem &#252;res fr&#225;zis &#233;s nem romantikus eszm&#233;ny. Ez a kiv&#225;lts&#225;g &#225;ra. A jutalom, fizets&#233;g az&#233;rt, hogy valaki olyasmit visz a h&#225;t&#225;n, ami nem az &#246;v&#233;: egy int&#233;zm&#233;nyt, egy &#225;gazatot, egy orsz&#225;g m&#369;k&#246;d&#337;k&#233;pess&#233;g&#233;t. Ez az alku, &#233;s ezt az alkut mondt&#225;k fel egyoldal&#250;an. A <em>kisaj&#225;t&#237;t&#243;</em> (taker) elit az, amelyik a jutalmat megtartotta, a felel&#337;ss&#233;get pedig mag&#225;r&#243;l ler&#225;zta. </p><p>Ennyi a defin&#237;ci&#243;, &#233;s ez adja az &#237;r&#225;s tov&#225;bbi &#233;rvel&#233;s&#233;nek gerinc&#233;t.</p><p>&#201;s itt nem is az &#233;n &#233;rtelmez&#233;semr&#337;l van sz&#243;. 2011-ben jelent meg az <em><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Imre-Kovach/publication/280775791_Elitek_a_valsag_koraban_Magyarorszagi_elitek_kisebbsegi_magyar_elitek/links/55c60fe108aeca747d633366/Elitek-a-valsag-koraban-Magyarorszagi-elitek-kisebbsegi-magyar-elitek.pdf?origin=publication_detail&amp;_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uRG93bmxvYWQiLCJwcmV2aW91c1BhZ2UiOiJwdWJsaWNhdGlvbiJ9fQ&amp;__cf_chl_tk=0_78l9C4auC130F6Si.z3p.hh337KtP.FbaL0g020kg-1787133098-1.0.1.1-oeyrasWJapBag3khIU_Vx6VsMyHwzq03OI3Esv8ZRR4">Elitek a v&#225;ls&#225;g kor&#225;ban</a></em><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Imre-Kovach/publication/280775791_Elitek_a_valsag_koraban_Magyarorszagi_elitek_kisebbsegi_magyar_elitek/links/55c60fe108aeca747d633366/Elitek-a-valsag-koraban-Magyarorszagi-elitek-kisebbsegi-magyar-elitek.pdf?origin=publication_detail&amp;_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uRG93bmxvYWQiLCJwcmV2aW91c1BhZ2UiOiJwdWJsaWNhdGlvbiJ9fQ&amp;__cf_chl_tk=0_78l9C4auC130F6Si.z3p.hh337KtP.FbaL0g020kg-1787133098-1.0.1.1-oeyrasWJapBag3khIU_Vx6VsMyHwzq03OI3Esv8ZRR4"> </a>c&#237;m&#369; k&#246;tet, az MTA Politikatudom&#225;nyi Int&#233;zete, az MTA Etnikai-nemzeti Kisebbs&#233;gkutat&#243; Int&#233;zete &#233;s az Argumentum Kiad&#243; gondoz&#225;s&#225;ban.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-9" href="#footnote-9" target="_self">9</a> A k&#246;tet a magyar politikai, gazdas&#225;gi &#233;s kultur&#225;lis elit k&#246;r&#233;ben 2009&#8211;2010-ben v&#233;gzett felv&#233;telsorozat eredm&#233;nyeit k&#246;zli &#8212; annak a kutat&#225;snak a legfrissebb hull&#225;m&#225;t, amely 1992&#8211;93-ban indult Szel&#233;nyi Iv&#225;n &#233;s Donald Treiman hatorsz&#225;gos vizsg&#225;lat&#225;val, &#233;s amelynek magyar folytat&#225;sai 1997-ben &#233;s 2001-ben is lezajlottak. A k&#246;tet el&#337;szav&#225;ban Kov&#225;ch Imre szerkeszt&#337; &#237;gy fogalmazza meg azt a k&#233;rd&#233;st, amellyel a kutat&#243;k szembes&#252;ltek:</p><blockquote><p><em><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Imre-Kovach/publication/280775791_Elitek_a_valsag_koraban_Magyarorszagi_elitek_kisebbsegi_magyar_elitek/links/55c60fe108aeca747d633366/Elitek-a-valsag-koraban-Magyarorszagi-elitek-kisebbsegi-magyar-elitek.pdf?origin=publication_detail&amp;_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uRG93bmxvYWQiLCJwcmV2aW91c1BhZ2UiOiJwdWJsaWNhdGlvbiJ9fQ&amp;__cf_chl_tk=0_78l9C4auC130F6Si.z3p.hh337KtP.FbaL0g020kg-1787133098-1.0.1.1-oeyrasWJapBag3khIU_Vx6VsMyHwzq03OI3Esv8ZRR4">&#8220;&#8230;vajon mire k&#233;pes ez az elit abban a korban, amikor igaz&#225;n sz&#252;ks&#233;g van arra, hogy anyagi, kultur&#225;lis, hatalmi, kapcsolati &#233;s szimbolikus t&#337;k&#233;iket ne csak felhalmozz&#225;k, hanem fel is haszn&#225;lj&#225;k a k&#246;zj&#243; &#233;rdek&#233;ben? A v&#225;laszok nem igaz&#225;n biztat&#243;ak.&#8221;</a> </em>&#8212; Kov&#225;ch, 2011.</p></blockquote><p>Ez ugyanaz a k&#246;vetkeztet&#233;s, amit K&#252;ll&#337;i mond a hazai elitr&#337;l, csak &#233;ppen egy akad&#233;miai k&#246;tet el&#337;szav&#225;ban, empirikus adatokra t&#225;maszkodva, olyan kutat&#225;sb&#243;l, amelynek adatfelv&#233;tele egy &#233;vvel a 2010-es korm&#225;nyv&#225;lt&#225;s el&#337;tt zajlott.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-10" href="#footnote-10" target="_self">10</a></p><p>Ugyanezen k&#246;tet k&#233;t m&#225;sik szerz&#337;je tov&#225;bb &#225;rnyalta a k&#233;pet. Girst No&#233;mi &#233;s Keil Andr&#225;s<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-11" href="#footnote-11" target="_self">11</a> a 2009-es adatok elemz&#233;se alapj&#225;n arra jutottak, hogy <strong>a politikai elitnek csup&#225;n 36 sz&#225;zal&#233;ka sorolta mag&#225;t az elitbe</strong>, szemben a kultur&#225;lis elit 76 sz&#225;zal&#233;k&#225;val. </p><p><strong>Az az elit, amely nem tekinti mag&#225;t elitnek, m&#225;r eleve visszautas&#237;totta az alkut</strong>. Nem akar felel&#337;ss&#233;get v&#225;llalni olyasmi&#233;rt, aminek a birtokl&#225;s&#225;t sem ismeri el.</p><div><hr></div><h2>A kisaj&#225;t&#237;t&#225;s &#246;t m&#243;dja</h2><p>Ami k&#246;vetkezik, nem botr&#225;nykr&#243;nika, hanem tipol&#243;gia &#8212; a saj&#225;t olvasatomban. Nem az id&#337;rend rendezi, hanem az, hogy mit saj&#225;t&#237;t ki az elit. Az &#246;t m&#243;d egyszerre l&#233;tezik, de minden korszaknak megvan a maga uralkod&#243; v&#225;ltozata.</p><h3>I. A k&#246;zvagyont &#225;tv&#225;lt&#243;</h3><p>Poz&#237;ci&#243;t vagyonn&#225; alak&#237;tani. A v&#225;llalatigazgat&#243;, akib&#337;l a v&#225;llalat tulajdonosa lesz. A KISZ-titk&#225;r, akib&#337;l a keresked&#337;c&#233;g&#233;.</p><p>A legszembet&#369;n&#337;bb ebben az, amit David Stark amerikai szociol&#243;gus 1990-ben publik&#225;lt, <em><a href="https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8HX1BJP">Privatization in Hungary: from Plan to Market or from Plan to Clan </a></em><a href="https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8HX1BJP">(Privatiz&#225;ci&#243; Magyarorsz&#225;gon: a tervt&#337;l a piacig, vagy a tervt&#337;l a kl&#225;nig?</a>)<em> </em>c&#237;mmel. A rendszerv&#225;lt&#225;s ut&#225;n nem sokkal, m&#225;r arra figyelmeztetett, hogy Magyarorsz&#225;gon nem piac form&#225;l&#243;dik, hanem kl&#225;nszervez&#337;d&#233;s. Ez a v&#225;llalatigazgat&#243;k &#233;s p&#225;rtfunkcion&#225;riusok s&#369;r&#369; h&#225;l&#243;zata, amely <em>&#8222;annyiban kl&#225;nszer&#369;, hogy s&#369;r&#369;s&#233;ge &#233;s kiterjedts&#233;ge koordin&#225;l&#243; k&#246;zpont n&#233;lk&#252;l is lehet&#337;v&#233; teszi az &#246;sszehangolt cselekv&#233;st&#8221; </em>(saj&#225;t ford&#237;t&#225;s).<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-12" href="#footnote-12" target="_self">12</a> Ez&#233;rt lett az, hogy a poz&#237;ci&#243;val &#233;s inform&#225;ci&#243;val rendelkez&#337; bennfentesek vagyont szereztek, a r&#233;gi hierarchi&#225;k pedig &#250;j tulajdonform&#225;k keret&#233;ben maradtak fenn. Mindez h&#250;sz &#233;vvel azel&#337;tt &#237;r&#243;dott, hogy megalakult volna az a 2010-es m&#225;sodik Orb&#225;n-korm&#225;ny, amelyet ma mindenki a klientelizmussal &#233;s nepotizmussal kapcsol &#246;ssze.</p><p>A sz&#225;mok csak k&#233;s&#337;bb &#233;rkeztek, &#233;s Starkot igazolt&#225;k. Az 1992&#8211;1993-as, hat orsz&#225;gra kiterjed&#337; kutat&#225;sban Szel&#233;nyi &#233;s munkat&#225;rsai<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-13" href="#footnote-13" target="_self">13</a> megtal&#225;lt&#225;k azt a mint&#225;zatot, amely az&#243;ta szinte minden komoly vit&#225;t meghat&#225;roz: <strong>a politikai elit cser&#233;l&#337;d&#246;tt, a gazdas&#225;gi elit pedig &#250;jratermel&#337;d&#246;tt</strong>. Kolosi Tam&#225;s &#233;s S&#225;gi Matild<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-14" href="#footnote-14" target="_self">14</a> 1997-es, 331 f&#337;s felm&#233;r&#233;se a nagyv&#225;llalkoz&#243;kr&#243;l (legal&#225;bb 500 milli&#243; forint akkori &#233;ves &#225;rbev&#233;tel&#369; c&#233;gek tulajdonosai, ami mai &#233;rt&#233;ken infl&#225;ci&#243;val korrig&#225;lva 2.3 milli&#225;rd forint bev&#233;telk&#252;sz&#246;b lenne)<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-15" href="#footnote-15" target="_self">15</a> azt tal&#225;lta, hogy h&#225;romnegyed&#252;k vezet&#337; poz&#237;ci&#243;kat foglalt el a rendszerv&#225;lt&#225;s el&#337;tti gazdas&#225;gban: &#225;llami gazdas&#225;gi vezet&#337;k&#233;nt, &#246;n&#225;ll&#243; v&#225;llalkoz&#243;k&#233;nt, a m&#225;sodik gazdas&#225;g szerepl&#337;jek&#233;nt, vagy a kett&#337;s gazdas&#225;gi strukt&#250;ra mindk&#233;t szegmens&#233;ben. Kolosi k&#252;l&#246;n hipot&#233;zist is megfogalmazott arr&#243;l, melyik r&#233;teg emelkedett fel. Kolosi ezzel Szalai Erzs&#233;bet technokratamenedzser-modellj&#233;t<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-16" href="#footnote-16" target="_self">16</a> utas&#237;totta el: szerinte az adatok nem igazolj&#225;k. &#336; &#8222;az oszt&#225;lyvezet&#337;-helyettesek forradalm&#225;r&#243;l&#8221; besz&#233;lt.</p><p>Itt sz&#243;t kell adnom K&#252;ll&#337;inek, mert nem &#233;rt egyet velem &#8212; &#233;s &#337; ott volt. Ragaszkodik hozz&#225;, hogy ez nem fosztogat&#225;s volt:</p><blockquote><p><em><a href="https://www.forbes.hu/podcast/forbes-deal2036-kulloi-peter-bator-tabor-filantropia/">&#8222;&#8230;nem arr&#243;l sz&#243;lt, hogy az elit ki akarta mag&#225;nak akn&#225;zni &#233;s haszn&#225;lni ezt az eg&#233;szet &#233;s leny&#250;lni, hanem arr&#243;l sz&#243;l, hogy volt egy hit abban, hogy azt a fajta utat v&#233;gig lehet menni&#8230; semmilyen ter&#252;leten nem volt el&#233;g &#233;retts&#233;g &#233;s profizmus, hogy ez v&#233;gigmenjen."</a> </em>&#8212; K&#252;ll&#337;i, 2026.</p></blockquote><p>&#201;retlens&#233;g &#233;s a szakmais&#225;g hi&#225;nya, nem leny&#250;l&#225;s. Ok.  De ett&#337;l m&#233;g a k&#246;zvagyon a tervb&#337;l a kl&#225;nba ker&#252;lt Stark ut&#225;n szabadon. A kisaj&#225;t&#237;t&#243; kl&#225;nnak a vagyont kiosztott&#225;k, &#233;s nem versenyben nyerte el. A sz&#225;nd&#233;k irrelev&#225;ns a rendszerszint&#369; juttat&#225;s &#233;s &#246;szt&#246;nz&#337; szab&#225;ly szempontj&#225;b&#243;l. A szab&#225;lyt nem &#233;rdekli, milyen ind&#237;t&#233;kb&#243;l m&#369;k&#246;dteted.</p><h3>II. A tocsikol&#243; v&#225;mszed&#337;</h3><p>A m&#225;sodik kisaj&#225;t&#237;t&#225;si m&#243;d semmit sem &#225;ll&#237;t el&#337;. Csak ott &#225;ll a kapuban. A tan&#225;csad&#243;, a p&#225;ly&#225;zat&#237;r&#243;, a kij&#225;r&#243;, a sikerd&#237;jas k&#246;zvet&#237;t&#337; vagy a b&#233;rt&#246;megen kereszt&#252;l p&#233;nzt mos&#243;: egyik&#252;k sem gy&#225;rt, &#233;p&#237;t vagy szolg&#225;ltat semmit. Az&#233;rt kapnak p&#233;nzt, mert n&#233;lk&#252;l&#252;k nem lehet &#225;tmenni.</p><p>A nagys&#225;grendet nem &#233;n tal&#225;lom ki. A K&#246;zbeszerz&#233;sek Tan&#225;csa 2009-ben a GKI Gazdas&#225;gkutat&#243;val v&#233;gezte el a saj&#225;t ter&#252;let&#233;nek felm&#233;r&#233;s&#233;t. Az eredm&#233;ny: a korrupci&#243; a hazai k&#246;zbeszerz&#233;si elj&#225;r&#225;sok mintegy k&#233;tharmad&#225;t&#8211;h&#225;romnegyed&#233;t befoly&#225;solja, &#233;s nagyj&#225;b&#243;l 25 sz&#225;zal&#233;kkal emeli az &#225;rakat.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-17" href="#footnote-17" target="_self">17</a> &#201;rdemes hozz&#225;tenni, hogy a kutat&#225;s a n&#225;la is s&#250;lyosabb, 90 sz&#225;zal&#233;kos becsl&#233;st kifejezetten t&#250;lzottnak min&#337;s&#237;tette &#8212; vagyis ez az &#243;vatosabb, lefel&#233; korrig&#225;lt sz&#225;m. A kutat&#243;k egy teljes fejezetet szentelnek annak bemutat&#225;s&#225;ra, hogy a val&#243;s ar&#225;ny minden bizonnyal enn&#233;l is alacsonyabb.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-18" href="#footnote-18" target="_self">18</a> M&#233;g az &#337; &#243;vatos becsl&#233;s&#252;k szerint is legfeljebb minden harmadik&#8211;negyedik elj&#225;r&#225;s tekinthet&#337; tiszt&#225;nak.</p><p>A kapup&#233;nz nem &#225;ll meg a k&#246;zbeszerz&#233;sn&#233;l. </p><p><a href="https://www.againstcorruption.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/WP-7-Diagnosis-of-Corruption-in-Hungary-new.pdf">Fazekas Mih&#225;ly 2010-es diagn&#243;zisa</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-19" href="#footnote-19" target="_self">19</a> szerint a p&#225;rtok s&#250;lyosan t&#250;ll&#233;pik a kamp&#225;nyk&#246;lt&#233;si plafonokat, a t&#246;bbletforr&#225;sok pedig az &#252;zleti szf&#233;r&#225;b&#243;l &#233;rkeznek, amely a v&#225;laszt&#225;sok ut&#225;n k&#252;l&#246;nf&#233;le kedvezm&#233;nyeket &#233;s el&#337;ny&#246;ket v&#225;r cser&#233;be. A tanulm&#225;ny egy m&#225;sik mechanizmust is azonos&#237;t: a p&#225;rtok olyan alap&#237;tv&#225;nyokat hoznak l&#233;tre, amelyek jogszer&#369;en fogadhatnak el n&#233;vtelen adom&#225;nyokat, &#237;gy a finansz&#237;roz&#225;s nyomon k&#246;vethetetlenn&#233; v&#225;lik. Aki egy kamp&#225;ny finansz&#237;roz&#225;s&#225;ban r&#233;szt vesz, j&#243; es&#233;llyel k&#233;s&#337;bb is kedvez&#337; poz&#237;ci&#243;b&#243;l f&#233;r hozz&#225; a politikai d&#246;nt&#233;shoz&#243;khoz. A tanulm&#225;ny pedig egy&#233;rtelm&#369;en megnevezi, kik &#233;lnek ezekkel a m&#243;dszerekkel:</p><blockquote><p><em><a href="https://www.againstcorruption.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/WP-7-Diagnosis-of-Corruption-in-Hungary-new.pdf">&#8220;&#8230; semmi nem t&#225;masztja al&#225; azt, hogy a parlamenti p&#225;rtok k&#246;z&#252;l b&#225;rmelyik kev&#233;sb&#233; lenne korrupt, mint a t&#246;bbi.&#8221;</a></em> &#8212; Fazekas, 2010; saj&#225;t ford&#237;t&#225;s.</p></blockquote><p>Ez az a mondat, amelynek minden magyar politikus eml&#233;kirat&#225;ban ott lenne a helye.</p><p>Fazekas k&#233;s&#337;bb a k&#246;zbeszerz&#233;sekhez egy m&#225;sfajta bizony&#237;t&#233;kkal is visszat&#233;rt: egy objekt&#237;v korrupci&#243;s kock&#225;zati mutat&#243;val, amelyet a k&#246;zbeszerz&#233;si adatokb&#243;l &#233;p&#237;tett fel. Nem interj&#250;kban elhangzott &#225;ll&#237;t&#225;sokra t&#225;maszkodott, hanem olyan m&#233;rhet&#337; jelens&#233;gekre, mint a korl&#225;tozott verseny vagy ugyanazon v&#225;llalatok ism&#233;tl&#337;d&#337; p&#225;ly&#225;zati gy&#337;zelmeire. A k&#233;p nem lett kedvez&#337;bb. A mutat&#243; szerint magas korrupci&#243;s kock&#225;zat&#250; c&#233;gek nyeres&#233;gesebbek voltak, a szerz&#337;d&#233;ses &#233;rt&#233;k a becs&#252;lt &#225;rhoz k&#233;pest nagyobb fel&#225;rral alakult, &#233;s nagyobb val&#243;sz&#237;n&#369;s&#233;ggel rendelkeztek politikai k&#246;t&#337;d&#233;s&#369; tulajdonosokkal vagy vezet&#337;kkel, illetve offshore bejegyz&#233;ssel.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-20" href="#footnote-20" target="_self">20</a></p><p>A korszak embl&#233;m&#225;ja az 1996-os Tocsik-&#252;gy, a privatiz&#225;ci&#243;s tan&#225;csad&#243;i botr&#225;ny, amely az MSZP&#8211;SZDSZ-koal&#237;ci&#243; korm&#225;nyz&#225;sa alatt robbant ki. Ami ut&#225;na maradt, t&#246;bbet mond, mint maga az &#252;gy: a nyelv befogadta, &#233;s ig&#233;t csin&#225;lt bel&#337;le. Ez lett a <em>tocsikol&#225;s</em>.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-21" href="#footnote-21" target="_self">21</a> Az a t&#225;rsadalom, amely egy bevett gyakorlatra ig&#233;t alkot, azt &#252;zeni, hogy a gyakorlat m&#225;r rutin.</p><p>Gazdas&#225;gi &#233;rtelemben ez a legrombol&#243;bb az &#246;t m&#243;d k&#246;z&#252;l. A t&#337;ke&#225;tv&#225;lt&#243; a v&#233;g&#233;n legal&#225;bb m&#369;k&#246;dtet valamit, &#233;s ak&#225;r j&#243;l is m&#369;k&#246;dtetheti. A v&#225;mszed&#337; semmihez nem tesz hozz&#225;. Minden forintja tiszta holtteher.</p><h3>III. A piacot kap&#243; koncesszi&#243;s</h3><p>A harmadik m&#243;d nem ragad meg vagyont, &#233;s nem szed d&#237;jat a kapuban. Piacot kap &#8212; olyat, amelyet az &#225;llam kifejezetten erre a c&#233;lra gy&#225;rtott. Neki. A trafikkoncesszi&#243;k, az &#225;llami hirdet&#233;si piac, az online p&#233;nzt&#225;rg&#233;pek k&#246;telez&#337; bevezet&#233;se: mindh&#225;rom esetben a kereslet nem l&#233;tezett, am&#237;g jogszab&#225;ly nem teremtette meg, &#233;s a k&#237;n&#225;lati oldalt is jogszab&#225;ly jel&#246;lte ki.</p><p>Scheiring G&#225;bor<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-22" href="#footnote-22" target="_self">22</a> ezt a berendezked&#233;st <strong>felhalmoz&#243; &#225;llamnak</strong> nevezi, amelynek alapfunkci&#243;j&#225;v&#225; a nemzeti burzso&#225;zia<strong> </strong>t&#337;kefelhalmoz&#225;sa v&#225;lik.</p><p>A h&#225;tt&#233;r m&#233;rhet&#337;, m&#233;g ha a m&#233;r&#337;eszk&#246;zzel vit&#225;m is van. A Transparency International korrupci&#243;&#233;rz&#233;kel&#233;si index&#233;t szubjekt&#237;vnek, valamint a m&#233;dia &#233;s a politikai l&#233;gk&#246;r &#225;ltal befoly&#225;solhat&#243;nak tartom, hiszen csak percepci&#243;t m&#233;r. M&#233;gis besz&#233;des, hogy a <a href="https://transparency.hu/hirek/cpi-2025-eredmenyek-jelentes/">2025-&#246;s index</a> Magyarorsz&#225;got negyven pontra tette, sorozatban negyedik &#233;ve az Eur&#243;pai Uni&#243; utols&#243; hely&#233;re (Bulg&#225;ri&#225;val holtversenyben), tizen&#246;t ponttal lejjebb, mint 2012-ben. Ez az &#246;sszes tag&#225;llam k&#246;z&#252;l a legmeredekebb visszaes&#233;s.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-23" href="#footnote-23" target="_self">23</a></p><blockquote><p><em><a href="https://transparency.hu/hirek/cpi-2025-eredmenyek-jelentes/">&#8222;A szervezett k&#246;zp&#233;nzlop&#225;sban megmutatkoz&#243; rendszerszint&#369; korrupci&#243; a f&#337; oka a gazdas&#225;g imm&#225;r tart&#243;s m&#233;lyrep&#252;l&#233;s&#233;nek.&#8221;</a></em> &#8212; Transparency International Magyarorsz&#225;g, CPI 2025.</p></blockquote><p>Egy dologban viszont vitatkozn&#233;k vel&#252;k. A tart&#243;s hanyatl&#225;s oka nem maga a lop&#225;s. Az ok az a szab&#225;lyrendszer, amelyben a lop&#225;s a racion&#225;lis strat&#233;gia, &#233;s amely ugyanezzel a logik&#225;val fogja kiv&#225;lasztani a k&#246;vetkez&#337; kedvezm&#233;nyezettet is.</p><h3>IV. A t&#225;mogatott producer</h3><p>A negyedik m&#243;d a legkifinomultabb, &#233;s err&#337;l &#237;rnak a legkevesebbet. Itt a kisaj&#225;t&#237;t&#243; elit val&#243;ban el&#337;&#225;ll&#237;t valamit &#8212; egy musicalt, egy futballakad&#233;mi&#225;t, egy stadiont. Csakhogy a finansz&#237;roz&#225;s nem f&#252;gg a term&#233;k siker&#233;t&#337;l. Amint ez a kapcsolat elszakad, a gy&#225;rt&#225;s &#233;s a kisaj&#225;t&#237;t&#225;s megk&#252;l&#246;nb&#246;ztethetetlenn&#233; v&#225;lik. Kock&#225;zat n&#233;lk&#252;l gy&#225;rt.</p><p>A nagys&#225;grendet neh&#233;z felfogni. 2011 &#233;s 2024 k&#246;z&#246;tt Magyarorsz&#225;g 4416 milli&#225;rd forintot ford&#237;tott a sportra, ebb&#337;l <a href="https://hvg.hu/360/20260428_utanpotlas-sport-forrasok-latvany-csapatsportok-ner">1411 milli&#225;rd a TAO-rendszeren kereszt&#252;l jutott a kedvezm&#233;nyezettekhez</a>,<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-24" href="#footnote-24" target="_self">24</a> ami lehet&#337;v&#233; tette a c&#233;geknek, hogy t&#225;rsas&#225;gi ad&#243;jukat az &#225;ltaluk v&#225;lasztott kedvezm&#233;nyezetthez ir&#225;ny&#237;ts&#225;k. A legt&#246;bbet a Magyar Labdar&#250;g&#243; Sz&#246;vets&#233;g gy&#369;jt&#246;tte be 2011 &#233;s 2025 k&#246;z&#246;tt: 600,2 milli&#225;rd forintot, amelyb&#337;l 186,4 milli&#225;rdot az ut&#225;np&#243;tl&#225;ssal &#246;sszef&#252;gg&#337; feladatokra ford&#237;tott. A Felcs&#250;ti Ut&#225;np&#243;tl&#225;s Nevel&#233;s&#233;&#233;rt Alap&#237;tv&#225;ny  2019-ig t&#246;bb mint <a href="https://index.hu/sport/2019/04/25/658_milliard_tao_tamogatas_felcsut_labdarugas_kezilabda_latvanysportag_kozpenz/">27 milli&#225;rd forintot</a> kapott<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-25" href="#footnote-25" target="_self">25</a>. A p&#233;nz nagyr&#233;szt a MOL-hoz tartoz&#243; c&#233;gekt&#337;l, valamint M&#233;sz&#225;ros L&#337;rinc &#233;s &#252;zlett&#225;rsai v&#225;llalkoz&#225;sait&#243;l &#233;rkezett &#8212; a felaj&#225;nl&#243;k kil&#233;t&#233;t &#233;veken &#225;t titkolt&#225;k.</p><p>&#201;s akkor j&#246;jj&#246;n az, ami helyettem is bizony&#237;t. A Magyar Olimpiai Bizotts&#225;g megrendel&#233;s&#233;re k&#233;sz&#252;lt egy k&#246;zel 300 oldalas tanulm&#225;ny a magyar sport k&#233;t &#233;vtized&#233;r&#337;l. A sportvil&#225;g, amint saj&#225;t mag&#225;t audit&#225;lja. Azt tal&#225;lta, hogy <strong>a tizenhat kiemelt sport&#225;gb&#243;l kilencn&#233;l romlott az eredm&#233;nyess&#233;g azut&#225;n</strong>, hogy a t&#225;mogat&#225;s a sokszoros&#225;ra n&#337;tt. A k&#233;zilabda nagyj&#225;b&#243;l sz&#225;zszoros p&#233;nzb&#337;l a 2010 el&#337;tti eredm&#233;nyess&#233;gi szint huszonegy sz&#225;zal&#233;k&#225;ra esett vissza. A tanulm&#225;ny m&#225;ig nem nyilv&#225;nos. A MOB honlapj&#225;n csak a m&#243;dszertani fejezet &#233;rhet&#337; el; a sz&#246;veg <a href="https://telex.hu/sport/2023/02/11/magyar-sport-adatok-2000-es-2020-elemzes">&#250;js&#225;g&#237;r&#243;i &#250;ton ker&#252;lt nyilv&#225;noss&#225;gra</a>.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-26" href="#footnote-26" target="_self">26</a> A kedvezm&#233;nyezett int&#233;zm&#233;ny teh&#225;t megvizsg&#225;lta &#246;nmag&#225;t, megtal&#225;lta a v&#225;laszt &#8212; &#233;s megtartotta mag&#225;nak. Ha ez a rutin, kritikusra nincs is sz&#252;ks&#233;g.</p><p>Az el&#337;ad&#243;-m&#369;v&#233;szeti v&#225;ltozat p&#225;rhuzamosan futott, &#233;s 2019-ben &#233;rt v&#233;get. Hely&#233;be <a href="https://magyarnarancs.hu/szinhaz2/tao-szinhaz-finanszirozas-116869">37,4 milli&#225;rd forintnyi k&#246;zvetlen k&#246;lts&#233;gvet&#233;si t&#225;mogat&#225;s l&#233;pett</a>,<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-27" href="#footnote-27" target="_self">27</a> amelynek eloszt&#225;si szab&#225;lyai a d&#246;nt&#233;s idej&#233;n nem voltak vil&#225;gosak &#8212; a Magyar Narancs akkori c&#237;me egyenesen azt k&#233;rdezte, j&#246;n-e a k&#233;zivez&#233;rl&#233;s a sz&#237;nh&#225;zakn&#225;l. A v&#225;lasz meg&#233;rkezett: <a href="https://magyarnarancs.hu/szinhaz2/szinhazi-tao-helyett-119245">t&#246;bb p&#233;nzt kapnak a sz&#237;nh&#225;zak, de ez egy&#252;tt j&#225;r a politikai f&#252;gg&#337;s&#233;ggel</a>.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-28" href="#footnote-28" target="_self">28</a> Ez a l&#233;nyeges r&#233;szlet. A rendszer &#246;nmag&#225;t reform&#225;lta politikaiv&#225;. Az &#225;tir&#225;ny&#237;t&#225;s megsz&#252;ntet&#233;se nem &#225;ll&#237;totta helyre a f&#252;ggetlens&#233;get, csak ler&#246;vid&#237;tette a l&#225;ncolatot.</p><p>Amikor a finansz&#237;roz&#225;s elv&#225;lik az eredm&#233;nyt&#337;l, m&#233;g a val&#243;di gy&#225;rt&#225;s is j&#225;rad&#233;kk&#225; v&#225;lik. A k&#233;rd&#233;s soha nem az volt, hogy j&#243; volt-e a musical. A k&#233;rd&#233;s az, hogy senkinek nem kellett kider&#237;tenie.</p><h3>V. A diplom&#225;s potyautas</h3><p>Ezzel visszat&#233;r&#252;nk az eml&#237;tett k&#233;t sz&#225;mhoz: t&#246;bb mint 90 sz&#225;zal&#233;k a diplom&#225;sok ar&#225;nya a magyar elitben, &#233;s 30 sz&#225;zal&#233;kkal alacsonyabb az orsz&#225;g termel&#233;kenys&#233;ge. </p><p>F&#233;nyes Hajnalka elemz&#233;se ez, ugyanabb&#243;l a 2009&#8211;2010-es adatfelv&#233;telb&#337;l; &#337; maga &#250;gy &#246;sszegzi, hogy az iskolai v&#233;gzetts&#233;g &#233;s a st&#225;tus k&#246;z&#246;tt er&#337;s az &#246;sszef&#252;gg&#233;s. Pap&#237;ron teh&#225;t az elit&#252;nk pontosan az, amit egy moderniz&#225;l&#243;d&#243; orsz&#225;gnak k&#237;v&#225;nnia kellene.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-29" href="#footnote-29" target="_self">29</a> </p><p>Most &#225;ll&#237;tsuk mell&#233; azt, amit ugyanennek a k&#246;tetnek a szerkeszt&#337;je &#237;rt le az el&#337;sz&#243;ban, n&#233;h&#225;ny sz&#225;z oldallal kor&#225;bban:</p><blockquote><p><em>&#8222;Az eliteken bel&#252;li hierarchia vil&#225;gosan megmutatkozik: a magasabb st&#225;tushoz az eliten bel&#252;l is a nagyobb kapcsolati h&#225;l&#243; t&#225;rsul, &#233;s azt nem a teljes&#237;tm&#233;ny hat&#225;rozza meg, mint ahogyan az egy legitim m&#369;k&#246;d&#337; int&#233;zm&#233;ny- &#233;s szab&#225;lyrendszerben elv&#225;rhat&#243;.&#8221;</em><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-30" href="#footnote-30" target="_self">30</a> &#8212; Kov&#225;ch, 2011: 11.</p></blockquote><p>Ugyanaz a kutat&#225;s, ugyanaz a k&#246;tet, k&#233;t k&#252;l&#246;nb&#246;z&#337; fejezet. Az egyik azt mutatja, hogy a diploma bejuttat. A m&#225;sik azt, hogy odabent m&#225;r nem a teljes&#237;tm&#233;ny rendez. A k&#233;rdez&#233;s 2009-ben indult, a k&#246;tet 2011-ben jelent meg. Vagyis a m&#233;r&#233;s azel&#337;tt k&#233;sz&#252;lt, hogy fel&#233;p&#252;lt volna az Orb&#225;n-rendszer, amelyet ma mindenki ez&#233;rt hib&#225;ztat.</p><p>Olvassuk &#246;ssze a kett&#337;t, &#233;s a diploma jelent&#233;se megv&#225;ltozik. Bel&#233;p&#337;jegy, de nem termel&#337;k&#233;pess&#233;g. A magyar elit nem alulk&#233;pzett &#8212; <strong>egy olyan versenyre k&#233;pzett, amelyen nem kell elindulnia.</strong></p><p>Ez&#233;rt kell kih&#250;zni ebb&#337;l a vit&#225;b&#243;l az &#8222;<em>alkalmatlan</em>&#8221; sz&#243;t is, a K&#252;ll&#337;i-v&#225;ltozatb&#243;l is. Nem az&#233;rt, mert hamis. Az&#233;rt, mert ugyanaz a hib&#225;ja, mint a &#8222;<em>taker</em>&#8221; mor&#225;lis olvasat&#225;nak: emberekr&#337;l sz&#243;l, nem poz&#237;ci&#243;kr&#243;l, ez&#233;rt nem m&#233;rhet&#337; &#233;s nem c&#225;folhat&#243; &#8212; aki hozz&#225;ny&#250;l, k&#246;nny&#369; gy&#337;zelmet ad az ellenfel&#233;nek. A pontosabb fogalmak: <em>kontraszelekt&#225;lt</em>, <em>j&#225;rad&#233;kf&#252;gg&#337;</em>, <em>kapcsolat</em> <em>alapj&#225;n kiv&#225;lasztot</em>t. Nehezebb kimondani &#337;ket. &#201;s sokkal nehezebb v&#225;laszolni r&#225;juk.</p><div><hr></div><h2>K&#233;t kisaj&#225;t&#237;t&#225;s, amely a p&#233;nzn&#233;l is t&#246;bbet sz&#225;m&#237;t</h2><p>A fenti &#246;t m&#243;d a l&#225;that&#243; kisaj&#225;t&#237;t&#225;st &#237;rja le. Van azonban k&#233;t m&#225;sik, l&#225;thatatlan kisaj&#225;t&#237;t&#225;s is, amely mindegyikn&#233;l tart&#243;sabb k&#225;rt okoz. Nem p&#233;nzr&#337;l sz&#243;lnak, hanem arr&#243;l, hogy ki ker&#252;lhet be egy&#225;ltal&#225;n, &#233;s hogy mi sz&#225;m&#237;t j&#243;nak. &#201;s &#233;ppen ezek teszik az elitet elitt&#233;, nem pedig puszt&#225;n gazdag emberek csoportj&#225;v&#225;.</p><p><strong>Az els&#337; a bel&#233;p&#233;s.</strong> Az elitet az k&#252;l&#246;nb&#246;zteti meg, hogy <strong>kiv&#225;laszt</strong> &#8212; eld&#246;nti, ki juthat m&#233;g be. Ez a legs&#250;lyosabb k&#246;vetkezm&#233;nyekkel j&#225;r&#243; hatalma, &#233;s ez az, amelynek gyakorl&#225;s&#225;t a legritk&#225;bban l&#225;tjuk. A 2009-es felv&#233;tel szerint a mai Magyarorsz&#225;gon az alacsonyabb t&#225;rsadalmi oszt&#225;lyokb&#243;l csek&#233;ly az es&#233;ly az elitbe ker&#252;l&#233;sre; a rekrut&#225;ci&#243;s b&#225;zis a k&#246;z&#233;poszt&#225;ly &#233;s a fels&#337; k&#246;z&#233;poszt&#225;ly.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-31" href="#footnote-31" target="_self">31</a> Enn&#233;l is rosszabb az ir&#225;ny, amelyet Kov&#225;ch r&#246;gz&#237;t: </p><blockquote><p><em><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Imre-Kovach/publication/280775791_Elitek_a_valsag_koraban_Magyarorszagi_elitek_kisebbsegi_magyar_elitek/links/55c60fe108aeca747d633366/Elitek-a-valsag-koraban-Magyarorszagi-elitek-kisebbsegi-magyar-elitek.pdf?origin=publication_detail&amp;_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uRG93bmxvYWQiLCJwcmV2aW91c1BhZ2UiOiJwdWJsaWNhdGlvbiJ9fQ&amp;__cf_chl_tk=0_78l9C4auC130F6Si.z3p.hh337KtP.FbaL0g020kg-1787133098-1.0.1.1-oeyrasWJapBag3khIU_Vx6VsMyHwzq03OI3Esv8ZRR4">&#8220;Az elitek bez&#225;rul&#225;ssal v&#225;laszolnak a v&#225;ls&#225;gkorszak kih&#237;v&#225;saira&#8221;</a> </em>&#8212; Kov&#225;ch Imre, 2011:11. </p></blockquote><p>Emelked&#337; &#225;tlag&#233;letkor, lassul&#243; be&#225;raml&#225;s a fiatalabb gener&#225;ci&#243;kb&#243;l. A h&#225;rom k&#246;z&#252;l a kultur&#225;lis elit a legz&#225;rtabb: ide a legnehezebb fiatalon vagy alulr&#243;l bejutni. A k&#246;tet mintav&#233;teli fejezete pedig kimondja azt is, amit ebb&#337;l k&#246;vetkeztetni lehet: az alacsonyabb t&#225;rsadalmi oszt&#225;lyokb&#243;l ma Magyarorsz&#225;gon csek&#233;ly az es&#233;ly az elitbe ker&#252;l&#233;sre, mert az elit rekrut&#225;ci&#243;s b&#225;zisa a k&#246;z&#233;poszt&#225;ly &#233;s a fels&#337; k&#246;z&#233;poszt&#225;ly.</p><p>&#201;s van a k&#246;tetben egy r&#233;szlet, amely t&#246;bbet &#233;r a k&#246;r&#252;l&#246;tte &#225;ll&#243; statisztik&#225;kn&#225;l. 2009-ben, sz&#225;molnak be a kutat&#243;k, &#246;sszehasonl&#237;thatatlanul nehezebb lett r&#225;venni az elit tagjait a v&#225;laszad&#225;sra. Sokan intoler&#225;nsnak bizonyultak; t&#246;bben a felk&#233;r&#233;s &#233;s a k&#233;rd&#233;sek miatt <strong>a kutat&#225;svezet&#337;kn&#233;l &#233;s hivatali vezet&#337;ikn&#233;l tiltakoztak</strong>. A kor&#225;bbi h&#225;rom id&#337;pontban erre egyszer sem volt p&#233;lda. Az az elit, amely egy szociol&#243;giai k&#233;rd&#337;&#237;vre &#250;gy v&#225;laszol, hogy felh&#237;vja a f&#337;n&#246;k&#246;det, mindent elmondott a saj&#225;t viszony&#225;r&#243;l az elsz&#225;moltathat&#243;s&#225;ghoz &#8212; &#233;s ezt 2009-ben mondta el.</p><p><strong>A m&#225;sodik a m&#233;rce.</strong> Az elit azt is eld&#246;nti, mi sz&#225;m&#237;t j&#243;nak. Ez a csendes, szerkezeti funkci&#243;ja: hatalomt&#243;l f&#252;ggetlen m&#233;rc&#233;t tartani, hogy a kudarcot ki lehessen mondani. Erre a feladatra a kult&#250;ra elitje van kijel&#246;lve &#8212; &#233;s ugyanez a felv&#233;tel r&#243;luk ezt &#225;llap&#237;totta meg:</p><blockquote><p><em><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Imre-Kovach/publication/280775791_Elitek_a_valsag_koraban_Magyarorszagi_elitek_kisebbsegi_magyar_elitek/links/55c60fe108aeca747d633366/Elitek-a-valsag-koraban-Magyarorszagi-elitek-kisebbsegi-magyar-elitek.pdf?origin=publication_detail&amp;_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uRG93bmxvYWQiLCJwcmV2aW91c1BhZ2UiOiJwdWJsaWNhdGlvbiJ9fQ&amp;__cf_chl_tk=0_78l9C4auC130F6Si.z3p.hh337KtP.FbaL0g020kg-1787133098-1.0.1.1-oeyrasWJapBag3khIU_Vx6VsMyHwzq03OI3Esv8ZRR4">&#8220;Kiszolg&#225;ltatottak az &#225;llami forr&#225;soknak &#233;s az azok feloszt&#225;sa f&#246;l&#246;tt diszpon&#225;l&#243; d&#246;nt&#233;shoz&#243;knak&#8221;</a> </em>&#8212; Kov&#225;ch Imre: El&#337;sz&#243;, 2011: 11.</p></blockquote><p>Egy ilyen helyzetben l&#233;v&#337; kultur&#225;lis elit nem tud f&#252;ggetlen min&#337;s&#233;gi m&#233;rc&#233;t tartani. &#201;s amikor nem tud, a <em>j&#243;</em> csendben azt kezdi jelenteni: <em>t&#225;mogatott</em>.</p><p>Ez &#8212; &#233;s nem a v&#233;lem&#233;nyem b&#225;rmelyik konkr&#233;t el&#337;ad&#225;sr&#243;l &#8212; a magyar kult&#250;ra t&#225;mogat&#225;si korszak&#225;nak val&#243;di v&#225;dirata. Nem az, hogy rossz dolgok k&#233;sz&#252;ltek. Hanem hogy az orsz&#225;g elvesztette a k&#233;pess&#233;g&#233;t, hogy ezt kimondja.</p><p>Tedd egym&#225;s mell&#233; a kett&#337;t, &#233;s megkapod az &#250;jratermel&#337;d&#233;s mechanizmus&#225;t. Vedd el a bel&#233;p&#233;st, &#233;s &#250;j nem &#233;rkezik. Vedd el a m&#233;rc&#233;t, &#233;s senki nem mondhatja, hogy nincs ott helyed. <strong>A p&#233;nz az, amit egy kisaj&#225;t&#237;t&#243; elit elvesz. A bel&#233;p&#233;s &#233;s a m&#233;rce az, amelyekkel biztos&#237;tja, hogy holnap is elvehesse.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h2>A n&#233;p meg&#233;rdemli a vezet&#337;it &#233;s ez mi&#233;rt nem igaz</h2><p>Van ennek az &#233;rvel&#233;snek egy lusta v&#225;ltozata, amelyben az eg&#233;sz t&#225;rsadalom b&#369;nr&#233;szes, &#233;s ez&#233;rt senki nem felel&#337;s. A n&#233;p meg&#233;rdemli a vezet&#337;it, tartja a mond&#225;s. &#201;rdemes pontosan kimondani, mi&#233;rt t&#233;ves.</p><p>Szervezeti n&#233;z&#337;pontb&#243;l Edgar Schein<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-32" href="#footnote-32" target="_self">32</a> v&#225;lasza az, hogy a kult&#250;ra nem valamif&#233;le k&#246;d, amely az int&#233;zm&#233;ny f&#246;l&#246;tt lebeg. Annak felhalmoz&#243;dott lenyomata, amit a vezet&#233;s jutalmazott. Abban &#246;lt testet, hogy a vezet&#337;k mire figyelnek, hogyan osztj&#225;k a st&#225;tust, &#233;s hogyan viselkednek v&#225;ls&#225;ghelyzetben. Ezen az alapon az elit &#233;s a kult&#250;ra nem ugyanaz. Az elit &#225;ll&#237;tja el&#337; a kult&#250;r&#225;t. Az a vezet&#337;, aki a lojalit&#225;st jutalmazza a teljes&#237;tm&#233;ny helyett, nem passz&#237;van t&#252;kr&#246;z egy bizalomhi&#225;nyos kult&#250;r&#225;t. <em>Gy&#225;rtja azt.</em></p><p>Chris Argyris &#233;s Donald Sch&#246;n<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-33" href="#footnote-33" target="_self">33</a> ezt olyan form&#225;ba &#233;lezi, amely t&#233;nylegesen ellen&#337;rizhet&#337;. Megk&#252;l&#246;nb&#246;ztetik a <em>vallott elm&#233;letet</em> &#8212; amit a vezet&#337;k mondanak arr&#243;l, mi vez&#233;rli &#337;ket &#8212; a <em>haszn&#225;lt elm&#233;lett&#337;l</em>: att&#243;l, amit val&#243;j&#225;ban jutalmaznak.</p><p>In Hungary, unusually, both halves have been measured. On the <strong>espoused</strong> side, a 2008 survey coordinated by Gy&#246;rgy Lengyel and Gabriella Ilonszki questioned eighty members of parliament and forty senior business leaders (heads of major companies, banks and employers&#8217; associations). It found support for competition running through the whole elite. The same elite was more sceptical about the EU than its European counterparts, but on competition there was no ambiguity. On the <strong>theory-in-use </strong>side, the elite survey a year later found that within this same stratum, higher status went with a larger network of connections, not with better performance.</p><p>Magyarorsz&#225;gon, szokatlan m&#243;don, mindkett&#337;r&#337;l van m&#233;r&#233;s&#252;nk. A <strong>vallott</strong> oldal: a Lengyel Gy&#246;rgy &#233;s Ilonszki Gabriella koordin&#225;lta, 2008-ban publik&#225;lt vizsg&#225;lat nyolcvan orsz&#225;ggy&#369;l&#233;si k&#233;pvisel&#337;t &#233;s negyven gazdas&#225;gi fels&#337;vezet&#337;t k&#233;rdezett meg &#8212; nagyv&#225;llalatok, bankok &#233;s munkaad&#243;i &#233;rdekv&#233;delmi szervezetek vezet&#337;it.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-34" href="#footnote-34" target="_self">34</a> Eredm&#233;nye szerint az eg&#233;sz elitre jellemz&#337; a versenyp&#225;rtis&#225;g. Ugyanez az elit eur&#243;pai &#246;sszevet&#233;sben ink&#225;bb szkeptikus volt az EU-val szemben &#8212; a verseny meg&#237;t&#233;l&#233;s&#233;ben azonban nem volt k&#233;t&#233;rtelm&#369;s&#233;g. A <strong>haszn&#225;lt</strong> oldalr&#243;l n&#233;zve az egy &#233;vvel k&#233;s&#337;bbi elitfelm&#233;r&#233;s azt mutatta, hogy ugyanezen a t&#225;rsadalmi r&#233;tegen bel&#252;l a magasabb st&#225;tusz nem a jobb teljes&#237;tm&#233;nnyel, hanem a kiterjedtebb kapcsolati h&#225;l&#243;val j&#225;rt egy&#252;tt.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-35" href="#footnote-35" target="_self">35</a></p><p>K&#233;t k&#252;l&#246;n kutat&#225;s, &#225;tfed&#337;, de nem azonos mint&#225;n &#8212; <span>ezt </span>be kell sz&#225;m&#237;tani. A k&#233;p m&#233;gis nehezen f&#233;lre&#233;rthet&#337;: <strong>versenyt vallanak, &#233;s kapcsolatot jutalmaznak</strong>. Pontosan az a r&#233;s, amelyet Argyris &#233;s Sch&#246;n le&#237;r, csak nem egy szervezetben, hanem egy orsz&#225;g vezet&#337; r&#233;teg&#233;ben.</p><p>&#201;s van egy harmadik m&#233;r&#233;s is, amely a felel&#337;ss&#233;gv&#225;llal&#225;sr&#243;l sz&#243;l. Mint l&#225;ttuk, a politikai elit tagjainak csak 36 sz&#225;zal&#233;ka tartja mag&#225;t a politikai elit tagj&#225;nak.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-36" href="#footnote-36" target="_self">36</a> <strong>Az az elit, amelyik nem ismeri el, hogy elit, nem is fogja v&#225;llalni az elit felel&#337;ss&#233;g&#233;t. </strong></p><p>Ez&#233;rt kell a t&#225;rsadalom t&#246;bbi r&#233;sz&#233;nek viselked&#233;s&#233;t k&#246;vetkezm&#233;nyk&#233;nt olvasni, nem p&#225;rhuzamos b&#369;nk&#233;nt. A <a href="https://www.tarki.hu/hu/research/gazdkult/gazdkult_elemzeszaro_toth.pdf">T&#193;RKI 2009-es z&#225;r&#243;jelent&#233;se</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-37" href="#footnote-37" target="_self">37</a> k&#246;zvetlen&#252;l megm&#233;rte a magyar t&#225;rsadalom &#233;rt&#233;kszerkezet&#233;t &#8212; a tanulm&#225;ny c&#237;me &#246;nmag&#225;ban is diagn&#243;zis: bizalomhi&#225;ny, normazavarok, igazs&#225;gtalans&#225;g&#233;rzet &#233;s paternalizmus. Az ut&#243;bbi azt a v&#225;rakoz&#225;st jelenti, hogy nem a piac &#233;s nem az egy&#233;n, hanem az &#225;llam a meg&#233;lhet&#233;s forr&#225;sa. Ebben a szerkezetben a hatalomhoz f&#369;z&#337;d&#337; szem&#233;lyes kapcsolat &#225;pol&#225;sa nem jellemhiba. Ez a domin&#225;ns strat&#233;gia. A h&#225;lap&#233;nz, a kij&#225;tszott szab&#225;ly, az &#252;gyesked&#233;s, amelyre nemzeti lelem&#233;nyk&#233;nt szoktunk b&#252;szk&#233;k lenni &#8212; ezek racion&#225;lis alkalmazkod&#225;sok egy olyan &#246;szt&#246;nz&#337; szab&#225;lyhoz, amelyet m&#225;shol &#237;rtak, m&#233;ghozz&#225; azok, akik hasznot h&#250;znak bel&#337;le.</p><p>Simon G&#228;chter &#233;s Jonathan Schulz<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-38" href="#footnote-38" target="_self">38</a> k&#237;s&#233;rleti becs&#252;letess&#233;g-m&#233;r&#233;st vetettek &#246;ssze a szab&#225;lyszeg&#233;s elterjedts&#233;g&#233;nek int&#233;zm&#233;nyi mutat&#243;ival, &#233;s azt tal&#225;lt&#225;k, hogy az egy&#233;ni becs&#252;letess&#233;g m&#233;rhet&#337;en gyeng&#233;bb ott, ahol a szab&#225;lyszeg&#233;s &#225;ltal&#225;nos &#8212; az int&#233;zm&#233;nyek alak&#237;tj&#225;k a jellemet, nemcsak ford&#237;tva. A vizsg&#225;latuk nem tartalmazta Magyarorsz&#225;got, ez&#233;rt mechanizmusk&#233;nt vegy&#252;k, ne r&#243;lunk sz&#243;l&#243; m&#233;r&#233;sk&#233;nt. De itt &#233;pp a mechanizmus a l&#233;nyeg: <strong>a felel&#337;ss&#233;g az&#233;, aki a szab&#225;lyt &#237;rja, nem azok&#233;, akik igazodnak hozz&#225;.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h2>A teszt, amely eld&#246;nti: a hat&#225;r</h2><p>Ezen a ponton az olvas&#243;nak joga van gyanakodni, hogy mindez csak egy bonyolult m&#243;dja annak, hogy azt mondjuk: a magyarok m&#225;r csak ilyenek. Van r&#225; d&#246;nt&#337; v&#225;lasz, &#233;s t&#246;bb mint h&#250;sz &#233;ve ott van a szem&#252;nk el&#337;tt, rossz c&#237;msz&#243; alatt iktatva: &#8222;agyelsz&#237;v&#225;s&#8221;.</p><p>Magyar orvosok, &#225;pol&#243;k, m&#233;rn&#246;k&#246;k, kutat&#243;k vagy egy&#233;b magasan k&#233;pzett szakemberek elmennek. M&#252;nchenben, B&#233;csben, Manchesterben &#233;s Koppenh&#225;g&#225;ban nem t&#369;nnek ki semmivel. Nem h&#337;s&#246;k lesznek &#8212; norm&#225;lisak. Sorban &#225;llnak. Dokument&#225;lnak. Nem tesznek semmit bor&#237;t&#233;kba. Nincs r&#243;la felv&#233;telem, csak annyi, amennyit b&#225;rki l&#225;t, akinek van kint dolgoz&#243; ismer&#337;se. </p><p>Ugyanazok az emberek. Ugyanaz az iskola. Ugyanaz a himnusz, ugyanazok a nagymama-t&#246;rt&#233;netek, ugyanazok a viccek arr&#243;l, hogy a vil&#225;g &#246;sszeesk&#252;d&#246;tt ellen&#252;nk. M&#225;s viszont a jutalmaz&#225;si szab&#225;ly &#8212; &#233;s m&#225;s a viselked&#233;s. Nem az&#233;rt, mert ott tiszta minden; nem az. Hanem mert miut&#225;n &#225;tl&#233;pt&#233;k az orsz&#225;ghat&#225;rt, megv&#225;ltozik, hogy mi &#233;ri meg a legjobban.</p><p>Ami teh&#225;t Magyarorsz&#225;ggal baj, az nem a magyarokban van, hanem azokban a poz&#237;ci&#243;kban, amelyeket Magyarorsz&#225;g k&#237;n&#225;l nekik &#8212; a poz&#237;ci&#243;kat pedig azok alak&#237;tj&#225;k, akik eld&#246;ntik, mit jutalmaznak. Ez magyar&#225;zza azt is, mi&#233;rt nem &#233;p&#252;l fel soha igaz&#225;n a nyom&#225;s a szab&#225;ly megjav&#237;t&#225;s&#225;ra: azoknak van a leger&#337;sebb okuk m&#369;k&#246;d&#337; rendszert k&#246;vetelni, akik a legk&#246;nnyebben el tudnak menni, &#233;s elmenni k&#246;nnyebb, mint megjav&#237;tani. Ahogy Hirschman le&#237;rta, <strong>a kivonul&#225;s helyettes&#237;ti a tiltakoz&#225;st</strong><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-39" href="#footnote-39" target="_self">39</a><strong> </strong>&#8212; &#233;s minden t&#225;voz&#225;s cs&#246;kkenti annak politikai k&#246;lts&#233;g&#233;t, hogy minden maradjon a r&#233;giben.</p><div><hr></div><h2>H&#225;rom dolog, amiben t&#233;vedhetek</h2><p><strong>Nem vagyunk egyed&#252;l&#225;ll&#243;an rosszak, &#233;s az &#246;sszehasonl&#237;t&#243; adatok ezt vil&#225;gosan kimondj&#225;k.</strong> </p><p>Az 1992&#8211;93-as kutat&#225;sban &#8222;minden elitcsoportra igaz, hogy Magyarorsz&#225;gon volt a legnagyobb m&#233;rt&#233;k&#369; a cirkul&#225;ci&#243;&#8221;, &#233;s &#8222;az elit kiv&#225;laszt&#243;d&#225;sa kor&#225;bban is meritokratikusabb volt, mint a m&#225;sik k&#233;t vizsg&#225;lt orsz&#225;gban&#8221; (Lengyelorsz&#225;g &#233;s Oroszorsz&#225;g).<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-40" href="#footnote-40" target="_self">40</a> Jacek Wasilewski l&#233;nyeg&#233;ben azonos n&#243;menklat&#250;ra-poz&#237;ci&#243;&#337;rz&#233;st tal&#225;lt Magyarorsz&#225;gon, Lengyelorsz&#225;gban &#233;s Oroszorsz&#225;gban &#8212; a nyugd&#237;jba vonul&#243;kat lesz&#225;m&#237;tva nagyj&#225;b&#243;l k&#233;tharmaduk meg&#337;rizte elitst&#225;tus&#225;t.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-41" href="#footnote-41" target="_self">41</a> Higley &#233;s Lengyel Gy&#246;rgy szerint mindh&#225;rom &#225;tmenet az elitcirkul&#225;ci&#243; klasszikus p&#233;ld&#225;ja volt: b&#233;k&#233;s &#233;s fokozatos, ugyanakkor kell&#337;en m&#233;lyrehat&#243; ahhoz, hogy kiszor&#237;tsa az elit szerepeire alkalmatlan szerepl&#337;ket.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-42" href="#footnote-42" target="_self">42</a> A 1992&#8211;93-as kutat&#225;s eredm&#233;nyeihez korl&#225;tot  maguk a szerz&#337;k tettek hozz&#225;: az 1993-as adatok t&#250;lbecs&#252;lt&#233;k a cirkul&#225;ci&#243; m&#233;rt&#233;k&#233;t, mert az els&#337; korm&#225;nyzati ciklus adminisztrat&#237;v &#250;ton er&#337;ltetett elitcser&#233;je ut&#225;n visszarendez&#337;d&#233;s k&#246;vetkezett. </p><p>A cseh kuponos privatiz&#225;ci&#243; pedig, amelyet K&#252;ll&#337;i jobb modellk&#233;nt &#225;ll&#237;t el&#233;nk, nem m&#369;k&#246;d&#246;tt jobban. A kuponok kioszt&#225;sa ut&#225;n j&#246;tt az, amit a csehek <em>tunelov&#225;n&#237;nak</em> (csatorn&#225;z&#225;s) neveznek, ami a befektet&#233;si alapok m&#243;dszeres kifoszt&#225;s&#225;t &#233;s a kisr&#233;szv&#233;nyesek kiszor&#237;t&#225;s&#225;t jelentette a c&#233;gekb&#337;l. Legismertebb figur&#225;ja <a href="https://english.radio.cz/why-do-most-czechs-regard-early-90s-voucher-privatisation-unfair-8099520">Viktor Ko&#382;en&#253;,</a> aki t&#237;zszeres hozamot &#237;g&#233;rt, &#233;s a kamp&#225;ny&#225;val r&#225;vette a cseh h&#225;ztart&#225;sokat, hogy a kuponjaikat az &#337; alapjaiba tegy&#233;k, majd kiszivatty&#250;zta bel&#337;l&#252;k a p&#233;nzt. Egy cseh p&#233;nz&#252;gyi elemz&#337; 2005-ben &#250;gy becs&#252;lte, hogy a csehek mintegy h&#225;romnegyede m&#225;r kedvez&#337;tlen&#252;l &#237;t&#233;lte meg a kuponos privatiz&#225;ci&#243;t.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-43" href="#footnote-43" target="_self">43</a> </p><p>Az &#233;n &#233;rvem egy jutalmaz&#225;si szab&#225;lyr&#243;l sz&#243;l, nem nemzeti alacsonyabbrend&#369;s&#233;gr&#337;l, &#233;s &#233;pp ez az a bizony&#237;t&#233;k, amely kik&#233;nyszer&#237;ti a k&#252;l&#246;nbs&#233;gt&#233;telt.</p><p><strong>Valami t&#233;nyleg megv&#225;ltozott, &#233;s nem tehetek &#250;gy, mintha nem.</strong> </p><p>Csite Andr&#225;s, Himesi Zsuzsa &#233;s Kov&#225;ch Imre<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-44" href="#footnote-44" target="_self">44</a> kutat&#225;sa szerint 2001-re a politikai t&#337;ke cs&#246;kken&#337; szerepet j&#225;tszott az elitbe jut&#225;sban, &#233;s a hazai mag&#225;nc&#233;gek alap&#237;t&#243;i lettek a gazdas&#225;gi elit legn&#233;pesebb csoportja. K&#246;vetkeztet&#233;s&#252;k: az ezredfordul&#243;ra a magyar gazdas&#225;gban v&#233;get &#233;rt a posztszocializmus. Ha ez igaz (&#233;s ez az &#337; adatuk, nem az eny&#233;m), akkor 2010 volt a politika visszat&#233;r&#233;se, egy val&#243;di t&#246;r&#233;s. Nem &#225;ll&#237;tom egy&#225;ltal&#225;n azt, hogy soha semmi nem v&#225;ltozott. Hanem az, hogy ami 2010 ut&#225;n visszat&#233;rt, <strong>az&#233;rt t&#233;rt vissza ilyen k&#246;nnyen, mert a kiv&#225;laszt&#225;si norma k&#246;zben egy pillanatra sem mozdult el.</strong> A piaci k&#246;zj&#225;t&#233;k azt v&#225;ltoztatta meg, hogy ki j&#225;r j&#243;l. Azt nem, hogy mit jutalmaznak.</p><p><strong>Nem vagyunk tekint&#233;lytisztel&#337; t&#225;rsadalom. </strong></p><p>Magyarorsz&#225;g <a href="https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/hungary/">Hofstede-f&#233;le</a> hatalmit&#225;vols&#225;g-pontsz&#225;ma 46 &#8212; m&#233;rs&#233;kelt, ink&#225;bb alacsony.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-45" href="#footnote-45" target="_self">45</a> A <a href="https://www.hoganassessments.com/news-events/updates/personality-trends-of-emergent-hungarian-leaders/">Hogan Assessments</a> 2025-&#246;s, t&#246;bb mint 350 magyar k&#246;z&#233;pvezet&#337;t &#233;s fels&#337;vezet&#337;t vizsg&#225;l&#243; m&#233;r&#233;se szerint a  <em>Megfelel&#233;si K&#233;szs&#233;g</em> (Dutiful) sk&#225;l&#225;n tizenk&#233;t percentilisponttal a glob&#225;lis benchmark alatt vannak &#8212; a le&#237;r&#225;s szerint &#246;n&#225;ll&#243; gondolkod&#225;s&#250;ak, &#233;s hajland&#243;k megk&#233;rd&#337;jelezni a tekint&#233;lyt.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-46" href="#footnote-46" target="_self">46</a> Ugyanez a m&#233;r&#233;s az <em>Elismer&#233;st</em> (Recognition) tal&#225;lta a leger&#337;sebb motiv&#225;ci&#243;juknak, az <em>Amb&#237;ci&#243;t</em> (Ambition) j&#243;val a glob&#225;lis &#225;tlag felett, az <em>Altruizmust</em> (Altruism) pedig a leggyeng&#233;bbnek. T&#246;bb forr&#225;s is jelzi, hogy nem nagyon tisztel&#252;nk tekint&#233;lyt, &#233;s hogy a vezet&#337;ink l&#225;tszani akarnak, nem elrejt&#337;zni.</p><p>A k&#233;p teh&#225;t nem egy engedelmes n&#233;pess&#233;get mutat a hierarchia alatt. Valamivel kem&#233;nyebben fogalmazva, <strong>Magyarorsz&#225;g nem szervilis t&#225;rsadalom. De az egy&#252;ttm&#369;k&#246;d&#233;sben nem jeleskedik.</strong><span> Alacsony tekint&#233;lytisztelet, alacsony altruizmus, nagyon magas verseng&#337; teljes&#237;tm&#233;nyorient&#225;ci&#243;, alacsony enged&#233;kenys&#233;g. Nem alattval&#243;k nemzete &#8212; egy&#233;nileg magabiztos emberek nemzete, gyenge k&#246;z&#246;ss&#233;gi norm&#225;kkal, akik mind egy olyan j&#225;tszm&#225;t j&#225;tszanak, amelyr&#337;l meg vannak gy&#337;z&#337;dve, hogy z&#233;r&#243; &#246;sszeg&#369;.</span></p><p>K&#252;ll&#337;i &#233;szrevette a t&#252;netet an&#233;lk&#252;l, hogy megnevezte volna az ok&#225;t: <a href="https://www.forbes.hu/podcast/forbes-deal2036-kulloi-peter-bator-tabor-filantropia/">&#8222;valahogy itt mindig z&#233;r&#243; &#246;sszeg&#369; j&#225;tszm&#225;t j&#225;tszottunk.&#8221;</a> Ami azt jelenti, hogy az elit nem idegen kaszt, amely f&#246;l&#246;tt&#252;nk &#252;l, hanem <strong>egy eloszl&#225;s nyer&#337; v&#233;ge, amely v&#233;gigfut az eg&#233;sz t&#225;rsadalmon. </strong>Att&#243;l viszont, hogy ugyanabban az eloszl&#225;sban vagyunk, m&#233;g nem lesz k&#246;z&#246;s a felel&#337;ss&#233;g: az eloszl&#225;snak csak az egyik v&#233;ge &#237;rja a szab&#225;lyt.</p><div><hr></div><h2>Az els&#337; sz&#225;z nap m&#233;g nem &#237;t&#233;let</h2><p>2026 &#225;prilis&#225;ban a magyar v&#225;laszt&#243;k tizenhat &#233;v ut&#225;n lev&#225;ltott&#225;k az Orb&#225;n-korm&#225;nyt. Felemel&#337; dolog l&#225;tni, hogy a t&#225;rsadalom, amikor kell, tud l&#233;pni, &#233;s minden &#233;rvel&#233;s, amely ezt nem tudja befogadni, t&#233;ves. Nem tudom, mit &#233;p&#237;t majd az &#250;j korm&#225;ny az els&#337; sz&#225;z nap ut&#225;n. Senki nem tudja. Egyel&#337;re csak jelek l&#225;tszanak. Ezek a jelek egyel&#337;re nem t&#250;l biztat&#243;ak.</p><p>Amit ma el lehet mondani, hogy <strong>az eszk&#246;z&#246;ket m&#233;g nem szerelt&#233;k le, csak gazd&#225;t cser&#233;ltek.</strong> A k&#246;zm&#233;dia ir&#225;ny&#237;t&#225;sa, az &#225;llami hirdet&#233;sek eloszt&#225;sa, az egyetemi alap&#237;tv&#225;nyi kurat&#243;riumok, a k&#246;zbeszerz&#233;si m&#233;rlegel&#233;s &#8212; mind megvan, mind haszn&#225;lhat&#243;. Hogy haszn&#225;lj&#225;k-e, az a szem&#233;lyekr&#337;l sz&#243;l&#243; k&#233;rd&#233;s. Hogy rendelkez&#233;sre &#225;llnak, az a rendszerr&#337;l sz&#243;l&#243; k&#233;rd&#233;s &#8212; &#233;s erre m&#225;r megvan a v&#225;lasz.</p><p>Van p&#225;r p&#233;lda, amit csak &#243;vatosan szeretn&#233;k el&#337;adni, mert tudom, hogy egyetlen kinevez&#233;s vagy egy hiba m&#233;g nem rendszer. </p><p>Az egyik: 2026. &#225;prilis 30-&#225;n, tizennyolc nappal a f&#246;ldcsuszaml&#225;s ut&#225;n, a leend&#337; minisztereln&#246;k a s&#243;gor&#225;t jel&#246;lte igazs&#225;g&#252;gyi miniszternek.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-47" href="#footnote-47" target="_self">47</a> M&#225;snap megv&#233;dte: elismerte, hogy a rokoni kapcsolat &#8222;komoly dilemm&#225;t&#8221; jelentett, &#233;s hogy a kritika &#233;rthet&#337;, a jel&#246;ltet pedig azzal m&#233;ltatta, hogy a mozgalomnak a legelej&#233;t&#337;l kezdve r&#233;sze volt. Magyar hozz&#225;tette, hogy a h&#250;ga felf&#252;ggeszti b&#237;r&#243;i tiszts&#233;g&#233;t, &#233;s hogy a miniszter munk&#225;ja a lehet&#337; legnyilv&#225;nosabb lesz, minden d&#246;nt&#233;se &#225;tl&#225;that&#243;. Ez tisztess&#233;ges v&#225;lasz &#8212; &#233;s pontosan a probl&#233;ma. Az &#225;tl&#225;that&#243;s&#225;g &#237;g&#233;ret, nem szab&#225;ly. Att&#243;l f&#252;gg, ki &#237;g&#233;ri. Az &#225;rulkod&#243; nem a kinevez&#233;s, hanem az, hogy a v&#233;dekez&#233;s a j&#243;indulatra hivatkozik, nem egy elj&#225;r&#225;sra: <em>az elej&#233;t&#337;l vel&#252;nk volt</em>. Ez patron&#225;lis igazol&#225;s, annak az embernek a sz&#225;j&#225;b&#243;l, akit a paternalizmus felsz&#225;mol&#225;s&#225;ra v&#225;lasztottak meg, a m&#225;sodik h&#233;ten.</p><p>&#201;s van egy m&#225;sodik adat is, amely nem jelent v&#225;daskod&#225;st senki ellen. Az &#250;jonnan kinevezett gazdas&#225;gi &#233;s energia&#252;gyi miniszter, harminch&#233;t &#233;vet t&#246;lt&#246;tt a Shelln&#233;l t&#246;bbf&#233;le poz&#237;ci&#243;ban, legut&#243;bb glob&#225;lis &#252;gyvezet&#337; aleln&#246;kk&#233;nt, 45 000 t&#246;lt&#337;&#225;llom&#225;s&#233;rt felelve 85 orsz&#225;gban.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-48" href="#footnote-48" target="_self">48</a> Els&#337; r&#225;n&#233;z&#233;sre pontosan az a kinevez&#233;s, amely&#233;rt ez az orsz&#225;g k&#246;ny&#246;rg&#246;tt: egy magyar, aki kiment Nyugatra, versenyzett egy glob&#225;lis c&#233;g cs&#250;cs&#225;n, &#233;s visszaj&#246;tt. A vagyonnyilatkozata alapj&#225;n a legvagyonosabb korm&#225;nytag t&#246;bbek k&#246;z&#246;tt  mintegy 8,7 milli&#243; eur&#243; &#233;rt&#233;k&#369; r&#233;szv&#233;ny&#225;llom&#225;nnyal rendelkezik. B&#225;r a vagyonnyilatkozat nem sorolja fel t&#233;telesen a Shell-r&#233;szv&#233;nyek sz&#225;m&#225;t,<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-49" href="#footnote-49" target="_self">49</a> j&#250;liusban a Fidesz k&#246;vetelte, hogy adja el r&#233;szv&#233;nyeit, azzal v&#225;dolva &#337;t, hogy majdnem egy milli&#225;rd forintot keresett az olaj&#225;rak emelked&#233;s&#233;n.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-50" href="#footnote-50" target="_self">50</a> </p><p>Marad valami, &#233;s az &#233;rdekesebb, mint a v&#225;d. Harminch&#233;t &#233;vig olyan vil&#225;gban dolgozott, ahol ez a k&#233;rd&#233;s fel sem mer&#252;lhetett volna. Minden nagy multinacion&#225;lis c&#233;gn&#233;l van &#246;sszef&#233;rhetetlens&#233;gi szab&#225;lyzat; aki dolgozott ilyenben, &#233;vente al&#225;&#237;rta a nyilatkozatot, rendszerint a korl&#225;tozott &#233;rt&#233;kpap&#237;rok list&#225;j&#225;val egy&#252;tt. Most egy orsz&#225;g energia- &#233;s &#252;zemanyagpolitik&#225;j&#225;t alak&#237;tja, ismeretlen mennyis&#233;g&#369; r&#233;szv&#233;nyt tart egy glob&#225;lis energiac&#233;gben, &#233;s semmi nem k&#246;telezi arra, hogy eladja, vagyonkezel&#233;sbe adja, vagy ak&#225;r csak megmondja, mennyi az.</p><p>Semmi okom felt&#233;telezni, hogy b&#225;rmi helytelent tett. Nem &#225;ll&#237;tom ezt. A l&#233;nyeg szerkezeti, &#233;s ugyanaz, mint minden fentebbi: <strong>a magyar &#225;llam gyeng&#233;bb &#246;sszef&#233;rhetetlens&#233;gi m&#233;rc&#233;t t&#225;maszt a gazdas&#225;gi &#233;s energia&#252;gyi miniszter&#233;vel szemben, mint amilyet a kor&#225;bbi munk&#225;ltat&#243;ja t&#225;masztott vele szemben alkalmazottk&#233;nt.</strong> Egy londoni compliance-oszt&#225;ly ezt egy d&#233;lut&#225;n alatt lez&#225;rta volna, egy &#369;rlappal. A mi szab&#225;lyaink nem k&#246;vetelik meg, hogy egy&#225;ltal&#225;n lez&#225;rj&#225;k &#8212; &#237;gy nem is z&#225;rul le, a k&#233;rd&#233;s nyitva marad, &#233;s a v&#225;lasz teljes eg&#233;sz&#233;ben azon m&#250;lik, milyen ember t&#246;lti be &#233;ppen a hivatalt.</p><p>&#205;gy n&#233;z ki egy gyenge jutalmaz&#225;si &#233;s &#246;szt&#246;nz&#337; szab&#225;ly bel&#252;lr&#337;l. Nem tesz senkit korruptt&#225;. Egyszer&#369;en nem hajland&#243; szerkezetiv&#233; tenni a tisztess&#233;get, &#233;s r&#225;nk hagyja a rem&#233;nyked&#233;st.</p><p>K&#252;ll&#337;i der&#369;l&#225;t&#243;bban n&#233;zi az &#250;j korm&#225;nyt, mint &#233;n, &#233;s tal&#225;n ez&#233;rt kalibr&#225;lta ezt pontosabban, mint ahogy nekem siker&#252;lne:</p><blockquote><p><em><a href="https://www.forbes.hu/podcast/forbes-deal2036-kulloi-peter-bator-tabor-filantropia/">&#8222;T&#246;rt&#233;nt az elej&#233;n k&#233;t hiba. Egy rokonnak a bev&#233;tele&#8230; meg egy olyan miniszter, aki t&#250;l sok ellen&#225;ll&#225;st v&#225;ltott ki, &#233;s mind a kett&#337;ben t&#246;rt&#233;nt korrekci&#243;. Hogy ez az&#233;rt t&#246;rt&#233;nik, mert a hib&#225;z&#225;s kult&#250;r&#225;ja j&#243;-e, vagy az&#233;rt, mert nem akartak olyat, ami a k&#246;zv&#233;lem&#233;nyt borzolja &#8212; azt majd az id&#337; eld&#246;nti.&#8221;</a> </em>&#8212; K&#252;ll&#337;i, 2026.</p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2>A lista</h2><p>Minden ilyen &#237;r&#225;s ugyan&#250;gy hal meg. Fel&#233;p&#237;t egy rendszerszint&#369; kritik&#225;t, eljut oda, hogy a rendszer a probl&#233;ma, &#233;s kifinomult indokot ad az olvas&#243;nak arra, hogy ne csin&#225;ljon semmit. Ez a befejez&#233;s nemcsak lehangol&#243;, hanem k&#233;nyelmes is &#8212; pontosan azoknak, akikr&#337;l sz&#243;l.</p><p>Legyek teh&#225;t konkr&#233;t a kij&#225;ratot illet&#337;en, mert van kij&#225;rat.</p><p><strong>A jutalmaz&#225;si szab&#225;ly nem lelki &#225;llapot. </strong>Le van &#237;rva. Ott &#233;l a k&#246;zbeszerz&#233;si &#233;rt&#233;khat&#225;rokban &#233;s az egyaj&#225;nlatos elj&#225;r&#225;sok t&#369;r&#233;shat&#225;raiban. Az &#225;llami hirdet&#233;sek eloszt&#225;s&#225;t szab&#225;lyoz&#243; rendelkez&#233;sekben. A k&#246;z&#233;rdek&#369; vagyonkezel&#337; alap&#237;tv&#225;nyok ir&#225;ny&#237;t&#225;si szab&#225;lyzataiban. Az ad&#243;&#225;tir&#225;ny&#237;t&#225;si konstrukci&#243;k megtervez&#233;s&#233;ben. A k&#246;zm&#233;dia kinevez&#233;si elj&#225;r&#225;saiban. Ezek dokumentumok. A dokumentumokat &#225;t tudja &#237;rni egy felhatalmaz&#225;ssal b&#237;r&#243; korm&#225;ny, &#233;s ennek a korm&#225;nynak van a legnagyobb felhatalmaz&#225;sa, amit tizenhat &#233;ve b&#225;rki kapott.</p><p><strong>A </strong><em><strong>jobb</strong></em><strong> elit nem k&#237;v&#225;ns&#225;g k&#233;rd&#233;se.</strong> A k&#237;v&#225;ns&#225;got m&#233;rhet&#337; elv&#225;r&#225;sokk&#225; kell ford&#237;tani, azokat pedig ellen&#337;rizni lehet. Egyel&#337;re &#246;t ter&#252;letet nyitn&#233;k, amelyekre vissza fogok t&#233;rni:</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><strong>1. Hoz majd a korm&#225;ny olyan szab&#225;lyokat, amelyek &#337;t mag&#225;t is k&#246;tik?</strong></p><p>Ez az, amely a t&#246;bbi k&#233;rd&#233;st is el&#337;rejelzi, &#233;s ez az egyetlen, amit nem lehet megj&#225;tszani. Az a korm&#225;ny, amely meg akarja jav&#237;tani a rendszert, olyan korl&#225;tokat &#233;p&#237;t, amelyek miatt maga is szenvedni fog.  Az a korm&#225;ny, amely &#246;r&#246;k&#246;lni akar egy rendszert, korl&#225;tozza az el&#337;deit, &#233;s kiv&#233;telezi &#246;nmag&#225;t. Egy sajt&#243;t&#225;j&#233;koztat&#243;n a kett&#337; megk&#252;l&#246;nb&#246;ztethetetlen. Egy t&#246;rv&#233;nysz&#246;vegben azonnal sz&#233;tv&#225;laszthat&#243;, mert a k&#252;l&#246;nbs&#233;g mindig ugyanazon a k&#233;t helyen bukkan fel: <strong>kire vonatkozik &#233;s mikor l&#233;p hat&#225;lyba.</strong></p><p>Teh&#225;t: az &#250;j &#246;sszef&#233;rhetetlens&#233;gi &#233;s vagyonbevall&#225;si szab&#225;lyok ezt a korm&#225;nyt k&#246;tik-e, ebben az &#233;vben, bele&#233;rtve a gazdas&#225;gi &#233;s energia&#252;gyi minisztert is &#8212; vagy k&#233;nyelmesen a k&#246;vetkez&#337; v&#225;laszt&#225;s ut&#225;n l&#233;pnek hat&#225;lyba? Vissza&#225;ll-e val&#243;di ereje annak a n&#233;h&#225;ny int&#233;zm&#233;nynek, amelyek nemet tudnak mondani a korm&#225;nynak: az Alkotm&#225;nyb&#237;r&#243;s&#225;g, az Ombudsman, az &#193;llami Sz&#225;mvev&#337;sz&#233;k, az &#252;gy&#233;szs&#233;g f&#252;ggetlens&#233;ge, az inform&#225;ci&#243;szabads&#225;g? Elfogad-e ez a korm&#225;ny olyan r&#246;gz&#237;t&#233;st, amelyr&#337;l tudja, hogy egy j&#246;v&#337;beli ellenfele ellene ford&#237;thatja? Nyilv&#225;noss&#225;gra hoz-e b&#225;rmit, amit nem k&#246;teles? V&#225;laszol-e minden korm&#225;nytisztvisel&#337; &#233;s korm&#225;nyp&#225;rti k&#233;pvisel&#337; a sajt&#243; k&#233;rd&#233;seire, f&#252;ggetlen&#252;l att&#243;l, milyen politikai be&#225;ll&#237;totts&#225;g&#250; az adott szerkeszt&#337;s&#233;g?</p><p>&#201;s van egy &#225;rulkod&#243; jel, amely b&#225;rmely t&#246;rv&#233;nyhoz&#225;s el&#337;tt rendelkez&#233;sre &#225;ll, ma is, ingyen, b&#225;rkinek, aki figyelmesen hallgatja, hogyan besz&#233;l a korm&#225;ny az elm&#250;lt tizenhat &#233;vr&#337;l. <strong>Az a korm&#225;ny, amely azt mondja, &#8222;Orb&#225;n korrupt volt&#8221;, arra k&#233;sz&#252;l, hogy birtokba vegye a g&#233;pezetet. Az a korm&#225;ny, amely azt mondja, &#8222;ez a g&#233;pezet j&#225;rad&#233;kot oszt, &#233;s mi sz&#233;tszerelj&#252;k&#8221;, arra k&#233;sz&#252;l, hogy t&#233;nyleg sz&#233;tszedje.</strong> A diagn&#243;zis semmibe nem ker&#252;l &#8212; &#233;pp ez&#233;rt &#225;rulkod&#243;. Aki nem mondja ki, az nem az&#233;rt hallgat, mert dr&#225;ga lenne.</p></div><p>A marad&#233;k n&#233;gy azt m&#233;ri, mi a v&#225;lasz.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><strong>2.</strong><span> Leszerelik-e a j&#225;rad&#233;kszed&#337; eszk&#246;z&#246;ket &#8212; a k&#246;zm&#233;dia ir&#225;ny&#237;t&#225;s&#225;t, az &#225;llami hirdet&#233;sek eloszt&#225;s&#225;t, az egyetemi alap&#237;tv&#225;nyi kurat&#243;riumokat, a k&#246;zbeszerz&#233;si m&#233;rlegel&#233;st, stb. &#8212;, vagy csak &#250;j embereket &#252;ltetnek bel&#233;j&#252;k?</span></p></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><strong>3.</strong><span> Cs&#246;kkennek-e az egyaj&#225;nlatos elj&#225;r&#225;sok &#233;s a haveri kapcsolatokra utal&#243; mutat&#243;k a k&#246;zbeszerz&#233;si adatokban 2027&#8211;2028-ra, vagy csak a kedvezm&#233;nyezettek neve v&#225;ltozik?</span></p></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><strong>4.</strong><span> Kialak&#237;t-e a korm&#225;nyp&#225;rt bels&#337; demokr&#225;ci&#225;t &#8212; val&#243;di jel&#246;lt&#225;ll&#237;t&#225;st, platformokat, olyan kongresszust, amely k&#233;pes nemet mondani &#8212;, vagy egyetlen ember eszk&#246;ze marad, mint mint amilyen a Fidesz volt?</span></p></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><strong>5.</strong><span> Amikor a 17,9 milli&#225;rd eur&#243; felf&#252;ggesztett uni&#243;s forr&#225;s felszabadul, megreform&#225;lt csatorn&#225;kon halad-e &#225;t a p&#233;nz, vagy a r&#233;gieken?</span></p></div><p>Az &#233;rvem konkr&#233;t el&#337;rejelz&#233;st tesz: <strong>a szem&#233;lyek cser&#233;l&#337;dnek, a szerkezet nem</strong>. Ezt nem kell hinni, ellen&#337;rizni lehet. Ha 2028-ra az egyaj&#225;nlatos elj&#225;r&#225;sok ar&#225;nya &#233;s a k&#246;zbeszerz&#233;si kock&#225;zati mutat&#243;k &#233;rdemben cs&#246;kkennek, k&#246;zp&#233;nz kedvezm&#233;nyezettjei k&#246;z&#246;tt a koncentr&#225;ci&#243; is cs&#246;kken&#8212; nemcsak a nevek v&#225;ltoznak &#8212;, akkor az m&#225;r egy nagy l&#233;p&#233;s lesz az &#246;szt&#246;nz&#337; rendszerek megv&#225;ltoztat&#225;s&#225;ra, &#233;s akkor &#233;n t&#233;vedtem. &#201;n nagyon szeretn&#233;k t&#233;vedni. </p><p>Ha ez &#237;gy lesz, akkor t&#233;nyleg rendszerv&#225;lt&#225;s zajlik majd!</p><p></p><div><hr></div><h2>V&#233;gsz&#243;</h2><p>Az elitalku nem jelent m&#225;st, mint azt, hogy t&#246;bb jutalom j&#225;r t&#246;bb felel&#337;ss&#233;g&#233;rt. Magyarorsz&#225;gon m&#225;r harminchat &#233;ve ism&#233;telj&#252;k az els&#337; r&#233;sz&#233;t ennek a mondatnak, m&#237;g a m&#225;sodik r&#233;szt &#225;ltal&#225;ban csendben kit&#246;r&#246;lj&#252;k. A legfontosabb k&#233;rd&#233;s el&#337;tt&#252;nk nem az, hogy ezek az emberek jobbak-e az el&#337;z&#337;ekn&#233;l. A legt&#246;bbj&#252;k val&#243;sz&#237;n&#369;leg jobb. <strong>Az igazi k&#233;rd&#233;s az, hogy sz&#225;nd&#233;kozik-e b&#225;rki &#225;t&#237;rni azt, amit ez az orsz&#225;g jutalmaz.</strong></p><p>Ez a k&#233;rd&#233;s nyomot hagy, ez&#233;rt v&#233;gre egyszer ellen&#337;rizni is lehet.</p><p></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Ilonszki, Gabriella (2009): <em>K&#233;pvisel&#337;k &#233;s k&#233;pviselet Magyarorsz&#225;gon a 19. &#233;s 20. sz&#225;zadban</em>. Id&#233;zi: Krist&#243;f Luca (2011): Elitkutat&#225;sok Magyarorsz&#225;gon 1989&#8211;2010. In: Kov&#225;ch Imre (szerk.): <em>Elitek a v&#225;ls&#225;g kor&#225;ban. Magyarorsz&#225;gi elitek, kisebbs&#233;gi magyar elitek</em>. Budapest: MTA Politikatudom&#225;nyi Int&#233;zet &#8211; MTA Etnikai-nemzeti Kisebbs&#233;gkutat&#243; Int&#233;zet &#8211; Argumentum Kiad&#243;, 231-252.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Gizi&#324;ska, Ilona (2026): Stable stagnation: Hungary&#8217;s economic standing after 16 years of Orb&#225;n&#8217;s rule. OSW Commentary No. 719. <em>Centre for Eastern Studies</em>, 2026, m&#225;rcius 20. Online: <a href="https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2026-03-20/stable-stagnation-hungarys-economic-standing-after-16-years">https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2026-03-20/stable-stagnation-hungarys-economic-standing-after-16-years</a></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Bod&#243; Zolt&#225;n (2025): Vezet&#337;i kult&#250;ra, amely visszah&#250;z. Magyar val&#243;s&#225;g diagn&#243;zisa a szervezeti diszfunkci&#243; szem&#252;veg&#233;n kereszt&#252;l. <em>criticalhungary.hu</em>. 2025, november 20. Online: https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/vezetoi-kultura-amely-visszahuz</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>A Coopers &amp; Lybrand a nemzetk&#246;zi k&#246;nyvvizsg&#225;l&#243;i &#233;s tan&#225;csad&#243;i piac akkori &#8222;nagy hatj&#225;nak" egyike volt; 1998-ban egyes&#252;lt a Price Waterhouse-szal, &#237;gy j&#246;tt l&#233;tre a PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Forbes Deal 2036 (2026): K&#252;ll&#337;i P&#233;ter: Nincs meg az a fajta b&#225;tors&#225;g, ami nemzetk&#246;zi vil&#225;gra val&#243; nyitotts&#225;got jelenti. <em>Forbes.hu</em>, 2026, j&#250;nius 6. Online: https://www.forbes.hu/podcast/forbes-deal2036-kulloi-peter-bator-tabor-filantropia/</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Grant, Adam M. (2013): <em>Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success</em>. New York: Viking. </p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-7" href="#footnote-anchor-7" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">7</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Szel&#233;nyi, Iv&#225;n &#8211; Mih&#225;lyi, P&#233;ter (2026): <em>Az egyenl&#337;tlens&#233;gek &#250;j form&#225;i. Magyarorsz&#225;g az Orb&#225;n-korszakban, 2010&#8211;2025</em>. Budapest: T&#193;RKI. </p><p>Mih&#225;lyi, P&#233;ter &#8211; Szel&#233;nyi, Iv&#225;n (2019): <em>Rent-seekers, profits, wages and inequality: The top 20%</em>. Cham: Palgrave Pivot<span>.</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-8" href="#footnote-anchor-8" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">8</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Ez sokkal t&#246;bb figyelmet &#233;rdemelne, mint egy l&#225;bjegyzet. <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20190411-1">A k&#252;lf&#246;ldi tulajdon&#250; multinacion&#225;lis c&#233;gek m&#225;r 2019-ben a magyar GDP t&#246;bb mint fel&#233;t adt&#225;k</a> (l&#225;sd: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20190411-1), &#233;s nemcsak hazai, hanem nemzetk&#246;zi m&#233;rc&#233;vel is hat&#233;konyak &#233;s termel&#233;kenyek. A lemarad&#225;s teh&#225;t a hazai szektorban van &#8212; &#233;s nem az&#233;rt, mert a hazai tulajdonosok rosszabbul v&#233;gzik a dolgukat. Az ad&#243;z&#225;s, a szab&#225;lyoz&#225;s &#233;s a hazai piac m&#233;rete gyakorlatilag lehetetlenn&#233; teszik, hogy kis m&#233;retben nyeres&#233;ges legyen valaki &#8212; &#233;s amib&#337;l nem lesz nyeres&#233;g, abba nem is fektet be senki. Ez is jutalmaz&#225;si szab&#225;ly. Azt jutalmazza, ha valaki kicsi marad, ha sz&#252;rk&#233;ben marad, vagy ha a kapcsolataib&#243;l &#233;l &#8212; nem azt, ha termel&#233;kenny&#233; v&#225;lik. A sz&#225;mokat itt vezetem le: <a href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/break-even-mirage-hungarys-false">The Brake-Even Lie</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-9" href="#footnote-anchor-9" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">9</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Kov&#225;ch, Imre (szerk.) (2011): <em>Elitek a v&#225;ls&#225;g kor&#225;ban</em>. Budapest: MTA Politikatudom&#225;nyi Int&#233;zet &#8211; MTA Etnikai-nemzeti Kisebbs&#233;gkutat&#243; Int&#233;zet &#8211; Argumentum.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-10" href="#footnote-anchor-10" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">10</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>NER &#8211; a Nemzeti Egy&#252;ttm&#369;k&#246;d&#233;s Rendszere; Orb&#225;n Viktor 2010 m&#225;jus&#225;ban nevezte &#237;gy a 2010 ut&#225;n ki&#233;p&#237;tend&#337; politikai rendszert. Az&#243;ta a kifejez&#233;st els&#337;sorban a rendszer &#233;s patron&#225;zsh&#225;l&#243;zat&#225;nak r&#246;vid megjel&#246;l&#233;sek&#233;nt haszn&#225;lj&#225;k, f&#337;k&#233;nt kritikusai.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-11" href="#footnote-anchor-11" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">11</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Girst, No&#233;mi &#8211; Keil, Andr&#225;s (2011): Zavar a fejekben? &#8211; A magyarorsz&#225;gi elitek &#233;s a politika 2009-ben. In Kov&#225;ch Imre (szerk.), <em>Elitek a v&#225;ls&#225;g kor&#225;ban: Magyarorsz&#225;gi elitek, kisebbs&#233;gi magyar elitek</em>. Budapest: MTA PTI&#8211;ENKI / Argumentum, 315&#8211;336.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-12" href="#footnote-anchor-12" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">12</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Stark, David (1990). Privatization in Hungary: from Plan to Market or from Plan to Clan? <em>East European Politics and Societies</em>, 4(3), 351-392.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-13" href="#footnote-anchor-13" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">13</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Szel&#233;nyi, Szonja &#8211; Szel&#233;nyi, Iv&#225;n &#8211; Kov&#225;ch, Imre (1995): The making of the Hungarian postcommunist elite: Circulation in politics, reproduction in the economy. <em>Theory and Society</em>, 24, 697&#8211;722. Online: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00993403">https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00993403</a></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-14" href="#footnote-anchor-14" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">14</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Kolosi, Tam&#225;s &#8211; S&#225;gi, Matild (1997): <em>Nagyv&#225;llalkoz&#243;k &#233;s t&#225;rsadalmi k&#246;rnyezet&#252;k</em>. Budapest: T&#225;rki.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-15" href="#footnote-anchor-15" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">15</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>L&#225;sd www.inflationtool.com</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-16" href="#footnote-anchor-16" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">16</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Szalai, Erzs&#233;bet (1994): <em>&#218;tel&#225;gaz&#225;s. Hatalom &#233;s &#233;rtelmis&#233;g az &#225;llamszocializmus ut&#225;n</em>; Budapest-Szombathely: Pesti Szalon K&#246;nyvkiad&#243;/ Savaria University Press</p><p>Szalai, Erzs&#233;bet (1998): <em>Az elitek &#225;tv&#225;ltoz&#225;sa</em>. Budapest: &#218;j Mand&#225;tum Kiad&#243;.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-17" href="#footnote-anchor-17" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">17</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>GKI Gazdas&#225;gkutat&#243; Zrt. (2009): <em>A korrupci&#243; &#233;s a k&#246;zbeszerz&#233;si korrupci&#243; Magyarorsz&#225;gon</em>, I. k&#246;tet. Szerk. Papanek G&#225;bor. Budapest: GKI. A kutat&#225;s a K&#246;zbeszerz&#233;sek Tan&#225;csa megb&#237;z&#225;sa alapj&#225;n k&#233;sz&#252;lt. 1., 3. o.; az &#225;r-hat&#225;sra a r&#233;szletes becsl&#233;s 23&#8211;26%, 20. o.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-18" href="#footnote-anchor-18" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">18</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Uo. 3.3.1. fejezet, &#8222;A 90%-n&#225;l alacsonyabb &#233;rt&#233;ket al&#225;t&#225;maszt&#243; &#233;rvek&#8221;, 224&#8211;225. o.: &#8222;a korrupci&#243; val&#243;s hazai gyakoris&#225;g&#225;t a fenti 90%-os becsl&#233;sn&#233;l mindenk&#233;pp kisebbre kell tenn&#252;nk.&#8221; &#8212; Fazekas (2010: 4) ezeket az adatokat &#250;gy adja tov&#225;bb, hogy &#8222;corruption fees&#8230; 22-26% of the procurement contract value involving 70-90% of all public procurement procedures&#8221;. Mindk&#233;t sz&#225;m elt&#233;r a forr&#225;st&#243;l: a 22&#8211;26% a GKI becsl&#233;se arra, mennyivel lenne t&#246;bb k&#246;zbeszerz&#233;s, ha mindent ki&#237;rn&#225;nak, nem pedig a korrupci&#243;s fel&#225;r; a jelent&#233;s saj&#225;t gyakoris&#225;gi becsl&#233;se pedig 65&#8211;75%, a 90% &#233;ppen az, amivel vitatkozik.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-19" href="#footnote-anchor-19" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">19</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Fazekas, Mih&#225;ly (2010): A Diagnosis of Corruption in Hungary. <em>ERCAS Working</em>, Working Paper No. 7, 1-18.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-20" href="#footnote-anchor-20" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">20</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Fazekas, Mih&#225;ly &#8211; T&#243;th, Istv&#225;n J&#225;nos &#8211; King, Lawrence Peter (2016): An Objective Corruption Risk Index Using Public Procurement Data. </span><em>European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research</em><span>, 22(3), 369&#8211;397. Online: </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-016-9308-z">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-016-9308-z</a></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-21" href="#footnote-anchor-21" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">21</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Hvg (2003): Tocsikol&#225;s. <em>Hvg.hu</em>, 2003, &#225;prilis 8. Online: https://hvg.hu/itthon/00000000004B659D</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-22" href="#footnote-anchor-22" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">22</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Scheiring G&#225;bor (2019): </span><em>Egy demokr&#225;cia hal&#225;la. Az autoriter kapitalizmus &#233;s a felhalmoz&#243; &#225;llam felemelked&#233;se Magyarorsz&#225;gon</em><span>. 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Online: https://contextus.hu/kapitany-istvan-shell-reszvenyei-fidesz/</p><p></p><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div><div data-component-name="FragmentNodeToDOM"><p></p></div></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Takers, Not Makers: Hungary's Extractive Elite]]></title><description><![CDATA[Four Decades, Five Ways, One Rule]]></description><link>https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/takers-not-makers-hungarys-extractive</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/takers-not-makers-hungarys-extractive</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Zoltán Bodó]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 30 Aug 2026 15:25:46 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C9HR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3300527f-96fe-4a7b-8929-8c19f3f459a6_1080x720.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C9HR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3300527f-96fe-4a7b-8929-8c19f3f459a6_1080x720.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C9HR!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3300527f-96fe-4a7b-8929-8c19f3f459a6_1080x720.jpeg 424w, 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3300527f-96fe-4a7b-8929-8c19f3f459a6_1080x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:77235,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="text" title="text" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C9HR!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3300527f-96fe-4a7b-8929-8c19f3f459a6_1080x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C9HR!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3300527f-96fe-4a7b-8929-8c19f3f459a6_1080x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C9HR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3300527f-96fe-4a7b-8929-8c19f3f459a6_1080x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C9HR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3300527f-96fe-4a7b-8929-8c19f3f459a6_1080x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@miquel_parera_mila">Miquel Parera</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><div><hr></div><p><em>The post-communist transition changed many things, but beneath the surface, the main rules didn't change much. Hungary keeps performing below its capacity. Not mainly because the right people don't run it, but because its operating system&#8217;s reward rule is bad. However, the elite writes that rule. The transition was not innocent or given, and it deserves many essays of its own. Much of the nomenklatura kept its elite status, and most wealth changed hands through connections rather than on a market. But this is not the scope now. Nor is the scope to take the Orb&#225;n era apart. The reason why is precisely that it is not the explanation of the problems. The Orb&#225;n regime, or the NER, is not the cause of this system. They are the operating system&#8217;s most consistent exploiters and its gravest symptom. If the problem had begun in 2010, we would not find the same phenomena before it. We do, and most of my evidence comes from before 2010. So this is not a party matter. Anyone looking for one side only will be disappointed.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em><a href="https://www.forbes.hu/podcast/forbes-deal2036-kulloi-peter-bator-tabor-filantropia/">&#8220;The Hungarian elite is predominantly composed of takers rather than makers. It&#8217;s a poor-quality elite.&#8221; </a></em><a href="https://www.forbes.hu/podcast/forbes-deal2036-kulloi-peter-bator-tabor-filantropia/">&#8212; K&#252;ll&#337;i P&#233;ter</a>, investment banker, self-described winner of the 1990 transition</p><div><hr></div><h2>Figures and fissures</h2><p>The problem begins with two facts that do not fit together.</p><p>Gabriella Ilonszki&#8217;s 2009 monograph found that from the 1990s onward, our parliamentary elite steadily &#8220;<em>blended into the European average</em>&#8221;.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> More than ninety percent of members of parliament hold degrees&#8212; a higher share than in Western European legislatures. Across the wider elite this figure is ninety-two to ninety-six percent. On paper, none of them look uneducated.</p><p>Benchmarked against the EU average, our labour productivity is about <a href="https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2026-03-20/stable-stagnation-hungarys-economic-standing-after-16-years">thirty percent below</a>, while GDP per capita is seventy-seven percent of it. Only about half of the value added in our exports comes from us. Czechia has this share closer to sixty percent, and Romania above seventy percent. We spend 1.5 to 1.7 percent of GDP on research and development, compared with a European average above two. And &#8364;17.9 billion in EU funds remain suspended.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a></p><p>The two facts. We have one of the best-educated elites in the region and one of its worst-performing economies. That gap needs an explanation, but it is not because our leaders failed to finish school.</p><p>The answer is in what this country rewards systemically. And most importantly, in who writes that rule.</p><div><hr></div><h2>A word that has lost its meaning</h2><p>In my 2025 essay, <a href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/a-leadership-culture-that-holds-back">&#8220;A Leadership Culture That Holds Back,&#8221;</a> I looked at one elite problem, namely leadership culture, that has produced many of the country&#8217;s structural failures. This piece continues that discussion.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a></p><p>P&#233;ter K&#252;ll&#337;i is a good place to start. I heard him on the <em><a href="https://www.forbes.hu/podcast/forbes-deal2036-kulloi-peter-bator-tabor-filantropia/">Forbes Deal 2036</a></em> podcast. The podcast is an interview series that asks Hungarian prominent figures what kind of country Hungary should be by 2036. Got my essay title from him and the drive to build on his points about the Hungarian elite. Trained as a civil engineer, moving into finance at a key moment, he co-founded an advisory firm later partly sold to Coopers &amp; Lybrand,<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a> helped with the flotations of MOL, Richter, and Mat&#225;v, and eventually led an investment bank&#8217;s London office. He also chaired <a href="https://batortabor.org">B&#225;tor T&#225;bor</a>, the foundation running therapeutic camps for seriously ill children, for more than twenty years. Asked whether he gained a lot from the post-communist transition, he replied, <em>&#8220;</em><a href="https://www.forbes.hu/podcast/forbes-deal2036-kulloi-peter-bator-tabor-filantropia/">Absolutely. I was in the right place at the right time.&#8221;</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a></p><div id="youtube2-dqI-_ijjW6c" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;dqI-_ijjW6c&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/dqI-_ijjW6c?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>K&#252;ll&#337;i, as a winner of the transition, talks about the opportunity Hungary had in 1990 and why it was not taken well. During the discussion, he talks frequently about the Hungarian elite<em>, </em>borrowing a framework from the organizational psychologist Adam Grant.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a> Grant sorts people into <em>givers</em>, <em>matchers</em> and <em>takers</em>. Givers give without expecting anything back, matchers trade fairly, takers only want to receive.  K&#252;ll&#337;i applies the labels to an entire elite rather than to individuals, as Grant does not. On that basis, he ends up claiming:</p><blockquote><p><a href="https://www.forbes.hu/podcast/forbes-deal2036-kulloi-peter-bator-tabor-filantropia/">&#8220;</a><em><a href="https://www.forbes.hu/podcast/forbes-deal2036-kulloi-peter-bator-tabor-filantropia/">the Hungarian elite is predominantly taker&#8230; This is a poor-quality elite.&#8221;</a> </em>- P&#233;ter K&#252;ll&#337;i (2026); my translation.</p></blockquote><p>I fully agree with his opinions regarding the predominant Hungarian elite!</p><p>However, framed this way, it offers little practical value. This label doesn't help with analysis, since it&#8217;s a moral judgment, not an explanation. All elites act in their own interest to some degree. Every elite group takes something. If being a <em>taker</em> is just a human trait, it doesn't explain why Hungary stays <a href="https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2026-03-20/stable-stagnation-hungarys-economic-standing-after-16-years"><span>at seventy-seven percent of the European average while Czechia does better</span></a>. The term also makes it easy to argue that all elites act the same, which weakens any point based on character. If our elite are <em>takers</em> by nature, then there is no way forward and any further analysis is pointless.</p><p>So, in this context, the term needs a clearer definition:</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><h4><strong>A taker is not necessarily someone without a conscience. Takers occupy extractive positions: their income, status, or influence does not depend on the value they create, but on what they can obtain from others.</strong></h4></div><p>This already concerns a position, not a personality or personal quality. Therefore, it can be measured better. <a href="https://tarki.hu/sites/default/files/2019-04/2019_Book_Rent-Seekers.pdf">P&#233;ter Mih&#225;lyi and Iv&#225;n Szel&#233;nyi</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-7" href="#footnote-7" target="_self">7</a><a href="https://tarki.hu/sites/default/files/2019-04/2019_Book_Rent-Seekers.pdf"> wrote a book that separates </a><em><strong><a href="https://tarki.hu/sites/default/files/2019-04/2019_Book_Rent-Seekers.pdf">income earned as rent</a></strong></em> (taken through monopoly, licences, political connections, or regulatory privilege) from<em> income earned as profit or wages in competition</em>. These patterns vary by country, which matters when discussing Hungary. The position remains even when the people change. This view also helps in explaining why Hungarians act differently once they cross a border, which a character-based explanation cannot do so.</p><p>Seen this way, the statement makes a point. It&#8217;s not meant to offend. In Hungary, people predominantly achieve high income and status by <strong>sec<span>uring allocated rents</span></strong> instead of creating value through competition. Over the years, the sources of these rents have shifted: state assets in the early 1990s, bank recapitalisations, EU cohesion funds after joining the EU, tax diversions after 2011, and public procurement throughout. However, the basic reward system has stayed the same. As a result, the elite has little personal interest in improving national productivity,<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-8" href="#footnote-8" target="_self">8</a> which helps explain why it remains low.</p><div><hr></div><h2>The bargain that was broken</h2><p>What is the purpose of an &#8220;elite&#8221;? At its core, being part of an elite <strong>means getting greater rewards in exchange for taking on greater responsibility</strong>. </p><p>This trade-off is what makes elite status legitimate. In the past, successful elites earned their place by serving in the military, fighting wars, risking their own life or money, managing important tasks, upholding high standards or investing for the public good. <em>Noblesse oblige</em> is not simply a nice idea, but the price of these roles. The rewards are meant to balance the responsibilities that help a group, an institution, or a country. Today, Hungarian elite have stopped accepting this responsibility predominantly. Some keep the rewards but ignore the duties. This difference is key to what comes next.</p><p>This idea of a problematic elite is not mine alone. <span>In 2011, </span>the Institute for Political Science of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the Institute for Minority Studies of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and Argumentum Publishing <span>published the volume called </span><em><a href="https://tarki.hu/sites/default/files/2019-04/2019_Book_Rent-Seekers.pdf">Elites in the Age of Crisis</a></em><span>.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-9" href="#footnote-9" target="_self">9</a><span> T</span>he book shares results from a 2009&#8211;2010 survey of Hungary&#8217;s political, economic, and cultural elites. This survey was part of a research project that began back in 1992&#8211;93 with Iv&#225;n Szel&#233;nyi and Donald Treiman&#8217;s six-country elite study, and continued in Hungary with more surveys in 1997 and 2001. That gives longitudinal data on the same elite positions. In the book&#8217;s preface, editor Imre Kov&#225;ch asks:</p><blockquote><p><em><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Imre-Kovach/publication/280775791_Elitek_a_valsag_koraban_Magyarorszagi_elitek_kisebbsegi_magyar_elitek/links/55c60fe108aeca747d633366/Elitek-a-valsag-koraban-Magyarorszagi-elitek-kisebbsegi-magyar-elitek.pdf?origin=publication_detail&amp;_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uRG93bmxvYWQiLCJwcmV2aW91c1BhZ2UiOiJwdWJsaWNhdGlvbiJ9fQ&amp;__cf_chl_tk=0_78l9C4auC130F6Si.z3p.hh337KtP.FbaL0g020kg-1787133098-1.0.1.1-oeyrasWJapBag3khIU_Vx6VsMyHwzq03OI3Esv8ZRR4">&#8220;I wonder what this elite is capable of in a time when it truly is necessary to not only accumulate their material, cultural, power, relational, and symbolic capital but also to use it for the common good. The answers are not very encouraging.&#8221;</a> </em>&#8212;<em> </em>Kov&#225;ch, 2011; my translation.</p></blockquote><p>This fits K&#252;ll&#337;i&#8217;s giver-and-taker framing. Kov&#225;ch wrote it in the preface to that volume, and survey data stand behind the claim. The fieldwork was done in 2009, a year before the post-2010 order acquired its name.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-10" href="#footnote-10" target="_self">10</a></p><p>Two contributors to the same volume sharpened the point. No&#233;mi Girst and Andr&#225;s Keil,<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-11" href="#footnote-11" target="_self">11</a> working from the same 2009 data, found that <strong>only 36% of the political elite regarded themselves as elite</strong>, against 76% of the cultural elite.</p><p><strong>If an elite group does not see itself as elite, it has already turned down the bargain</strong>. You cannot take on responsibility if you do not recognize it.</p><div><hr></div><h2>Five ways to take</h2><p>This typology is based on what is taken, not on specific scandals. All five types exist simultaneously, but they have different weights at different times.</p><h3>I. Taking assets: the converter</h3><p>This means turning a position into property. For example, a state enterprise director or a KISZ (Communist Youth Alliance) secretary might end up owning the enterprise or trading company with zero or close to zero investment.</p><p>A foreign observer noticed this trend early on. In 1990, American sociologist David Stark published an article called <em><a href="https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8HX1BJP">&#8220;Privatisation in Hungary: from Plan to Market or from Plan to Clan?&#8221;</a></em>. He warned that a clan was forming instead of a market, including a close network of enterprise directors and party officials, &#8220;<em>clanlike to the extent that its density and its extensiveness makes coordinated action possible even without a coordinating centre.</em>&#8221;<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-12" href="#footnote-12" target="_self">12</a> People with the right positions and information gained assets, and old hierarchies stayed in place under new ownership. Stark&#8217;s analysis came twenty years before the 2010 Orb&#225;n government, which many now criticize for corruption, nepotism and clientelism.</p><p>Later data backed up Stark&#8217;s points. In a 1992&#8211;93 study of six countries, Szel&#233;nyi and colleagues<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-13" href="#footnote-13" target="_self">13</a> found a pattern: <strong>the political elite changed, but the economic elite stayed the same. </strong>In 1997, Tam&#225;s Kolosi and Matild S&#225;gi<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-14" href="#footnote-14" target="_self">14</a> surveyed 331 members of Hungary&#8217;s large-business elite (company owners with annual revenues of at least HUF 500 million, equivalent to HUF 2.3 billion today).<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-15" href="#footnote-15" target="_self">15</a> Almost three-quarters had held top economic jobs before the transition, either as managers of state-owned companies, independent entrepreneurs, or participants in the &#8220;second economy,&#8221; or both. Kolosi showed this continuity and also looked at which group ended up on top. Unlike Erzs&#233;bet Szalai&#8217;s technocratic-managerial model,<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-16" href="#footnote-16" target="_self">16</a> Kolosi called it &#8220;the revolution of the deputy department heads.&#8221;</p><p>K&#252;ll&#337;i&#8217;s view is important because he disagrees. He says this was not looting:</p><blockquote><p><em><a href="https://www.forbes.hu/podcast/forbes-deal2036-kulloi-peter-bator-tabor-filantropia/">&#8220;It wasn&#8217;t about the elite wanting to exploit and use all of this for themselves and to steal it, but rather about having a belief that such a path could be followed... [but] there was not enough maturity and professionalism in any area for it to succeed.&#8221;</a> </em>&#8212;<em> </em>K&#252;ll&#337;i, 2026; my translation.</p></blockquote><p>Regardless of whether the real problem was a lack of maturity or professionalism, rather than personal gain, most of the state-owned wealth ended up in private hands for pennies. The main point is that in both cases, people got public assets without competition, not just because of their intentions. The reward rule does not depend on motives.</p><h3>II. Taking tolls: the gatekeeper</h3><p>The second way of taking adds no value. Instead, it acts as a barrier. Consultants, grant writers, fixers, and middlemen who earn success fees or launder money through payroll do not make, build, or provide real goods or services. They get paid only because others need their help to gain access.</p><p>These numbers are documented. In 2009, the Public Procurement Council commissioned GKI Economic Research to survey the field. The study found that corruption affects roughly two-thirds to three-quarters of Hungarian public procurement procedures, raising prices by about 25 percent.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-17" href="#footnote-17" target="_self">17</a> These are deliberately cautious figures, since a widely cited estimate put the share at 90 percent. The researchers give a whole section to why the real figure must be lower.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-18" href="#footnote-18" target="_self">18</a> Even on their cautious number, only one procedure in three or four comes out clean.</p><p>This is not limited to public procurement.</p><p><a href="https://www.againstcorruption.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/WP-7-Diagnosis-of-Corruption-in-Hungary-new.pdf">Mih&#225;ly Fazekas&#8217;s 2010 diagnosi</a>s<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-19" href="#footnote-19" target="_self">19</a> reports that parties gravely exceed campaign spending limits, with the money coming from the business sector awaiting special favours after the election. It also records a second mechanism: parties set up foundations that can legally take money from anonymous donors, which cannot be tracked. Whoever finances a campaign is well placed to be on the right side of access afterwards. And the paper is blunt about who does it:</p><blockquote><p><em><a href="https://www.againstcorruption.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/WP-7-Diagnosis-of-Corruption-in-Hungary-new.pdf">&#8220;There is no evidence supporting that one or another party would be less corrupted among those in the parliament.&#8221; </a>&#8212; </em>Fazekas, 2010: 11.</p></blockquote><p>That sentence deserves a place in every Hungarian politician&#8217;s memoir.</p><p>Fazekas came back to public procurement with a different kind of evidence: an objective corruption risk index built from the procurement records themselves. Restricted competition, repeat awards to the same firms, rather than what anyone said in an interview. The picture did not improve. Firms scoring high on the index were more profitable, won contracts further above their estimated price, and were likelier to have political owners or managers and offshore registration.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-20" href="#footnote-20" target="_self">20</a></p><p>The Tocsik affair of 1996, a privatization-consultancy scandal involving the Socialist&#8211;Free Democrat coalition, became a symbol of the era. Its impact is clear in the language: the term &#8216;<em><span>Tocsikol&#225;s</span></em>&#8217;<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-21" href="#footnote-21" target="_self">21</a> was created, showing that the practice had become routine. The gatekeeper adds nothing of value. Every forint spent is a total loss.</p><p>This way is the most harmful to the economy out of the five. While <em>the converter</em> at least manages operations and might do it well, <em>the gatekeeper</em> adds no value. All related costs are lost.</p><h3>III. Taking markets: the concessionaire</h3><p>The third approach does not involve taking assets or collecting fees. Instead, it gives access to a market set up by the state. Examples are tobacco concessions, land leases, procurement channels, media, and required online cashiers. In each case, laws created demand and chose the suppliers.</p><p>G&#225;bor Scheiring<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-22" href="#footnote-22" target="_self">22</a> calls this result the accumulative state, where the main goal is to build up capital for a politically loyal national bourgeoisie.</p><p>It is possible to measure the background, but I doubt the reliability of current tools.  I see <a href="https://transparency.hu/hirek/cpi-2025-eredmenyek-jelentes/">Transparency International&#8217;s Corruption Perceptions Index</a> as subjective, open to media and political influence since it measures perception only. Still, the <a href="https://transparency.hu/hirek/cpi-2025-eredmenyek-jelentes/">2025 CPI</a> gave Hungary 40 points, putting it last in the European Union for the fourth year in a row (tied with Bulgaria) and 15 points lower than in 2012. This is the biggest drop among member states.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-23" href="#footnote-23" target="_self">23</a> Their summary: </p><blockquote><p><em><a href="https://transparency.hu/hirek/cpi-2025-eredmenyek-jelentes/">&#8220;Systemic corruption, manifested in the organised theft of public funds, is the main reason behind the country&#8217;s now chronic economic decline.&#8221; </a></em>&#8212; Transparency International CPI, 2025.</p></blockquote><p>I would add that the real cause of long-term decline is not theft itself, but the rules that make theft a logical choice and determine who benefits in the future.</p><h3>IV. Taking budgets: the subsidised producer</h3><p>The fourth way is subtle and rarely talked about. Here, the recipient actually creates something, like a musical, a football academy, or a stadium. But the funding does not depend on the project's success. Without this link, it is hard to tell the difference between real production and simply taking resources, so the producer faces no real risk.</p><p>The scale of funding is large. Between 2011 and 2024, Hungary spent <strong>HUF</strong> <strong>4,416 billion on sports.</strong> Of this, <strong><a href="https://hvg.hu/360/20260428_utanpotlas-sport-forrasok-latvany-csapatsportok-ner">HUF 1,411 billion</a></strong> was given out through the TAO scheme, which let companies choose where their corporate tax went.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-24" href="#footnote-24" target="_self">24</a> The Hungarian Football Federation got the biggest share: HUF 600.2 billion between 2011 and 2025, with HUF 186.4 billion for youth development. By 2019, the Foundation for Youth Development in Felcs&#250;t had received over <a href="https://index.hu/sport/2019/04/25/658_milliard_tao_tamogatas_felcsut_labdarugas_kezilabda_latvanysportag_kozpenz/">HUF 27 billion</a>.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-25" href="#footnote-25" target="_self">25</a> Most of this money came from companies in the MOL group and businesses owned by L&#337;rinc M&#233;sz&#225;ros and his associates. For years, the names of the donors were not made public.</p><p>The Hungarian Olympic Committee ordered a review of twenty years of Hungarian sport, nearly three hundred pages long, as a self-audit. The study showed that in <strong>nine of sixteen key sports, performance worsened even as funding increased. </strong>For example, handball got about one hundred times more money but fell to just twenty-one percent of its performance before 2010. The full study has not been published; only the first few pages of the report are on the Committee&#8217;s website. <a href="https://telex.hu/sport/2023/02/11/magyar-sport-adatok-2000-es-2020-elemzes">Some journalists were able to share the findings with the public</a>.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-26" href="#footnote-26" target="_self">26</a> The institution that benefited from the funding did the review, found the problem, and then kept the results hidden. If this is common, outside criticism loses its purpose.</p><p>The performing-arts funding model operated in parallel to sports until 2019, when it was replaced by <a href="https://magyarnarancs.hu/szinhaz2/tao-szinhaz-finanszirozas-116869">HUF 37.4 billion in direct budget support</a>.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-27" href="#footnote-27" target="_self">27</a> Allocation rules were unclear at the time. According to Magyar Narancs, concerns arose about increased political influence over theatres. These concerns were confirmed: theatres received more funding but became more politically dependent.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-28" href="#footnote-28" target="_self">28</a> This shift is significant. The system moved to a directly political model. Removing the previous funding diversion did not restore independence; it only made the connection more explicit.</p><p>When funding is not linked to results, even real production turns into a kind of rent. For example, no one checked the deliverables (like the musical) because no one needed to.</p><h3>V. Taking positions: the credentialed rider</h3><p>Let&#8217;s return to the two important numbers: more than ninety percent of Hungary&#8217;s elite have a degree, but the productivity is still thirty percent lower than the EU average.</p><p>Hajnalka F&#233;nyes&#8217;s analysis of the 2009&#8211;2010 survey finds that education is closely tied to social status. The elite matches what a modernizing country would aim for.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-29" href="#footnote-29" target="_self">29</a></p><p>This view is different from what the editor says in the preface of the same book:</p><blockquote><p><em>&#8220;The hierarchy within the elite is clearly evident: higher status within the elite is associated with a larger network of connections, and this is not determined by performance, as one would expect in a legitimately functioning system of institutions and rules.&#8221;</em><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-30" href="#footnote-30" target="_self">30</a> &#8212; Kov&#225;ch, 2011: 11.</p></blockquote><p>The same study offers two different conclusions in separate chapters. One shows that having a degree gets you in, but the other finds that, after entry, performance does not decide your rank. The research began in 2009, and the book came out in 2011, before the Orb&#225;n system was often blamed for these results.</p><p>Taken together, these results suggest that a diploma is more like a ticket to enter than proof of real ability. Hungary&#8217;s elite is not lacking in qualifications; instead, <strong>they are prepar<span>ed for a competition that does not demand real merit.</span></strong></p><p>For this reason, it is better not to use the word <em>incompetent</em> here, even in K&#252;ll&#337;i&#8217;s view. The facts do not support it, and using it weakens the case. More accurate terms are <em>contra-selected</em>, <em>rent-dependent</em>, and <em>connection-selected</em>. These are clearer and harder to dispute.</p><div><hr></div><h2>The two takings that matter more than money</h2><p>The five ways mentioned earlier show how resources are taken in ways we can see. But two less obvious forms do even more lasting damage and set elites apart from simply wealthy people.</p><p><strong>The first is entry.</strong> Elites set themselves apart by deciding who can join, which is their most important but least obvious power. A 2009 survey in Hungary showed that people from lower social classes have little chance of joining the elite. Most new members come from the middle and upper-middle classes.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-31" href="#footnote-31" target="_self">31</a> Kov&#225;ch points out that this trend is getting worse:</p><blockquote><p><em><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Imre-Kovach/publication/280775791_Elitek_a_valsag_koraban_Magyarorszagi_elitek_kisebbsegi_magyar_elitek/links/55c60fe108aeca747d633366/Elitek-a-valsag-koraban-Magyarorszagi-elitek-kisebbsegi-magyar-elitek.pdf?origin=publication_detail&amp;_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uRG93bmxvYWQiLCJwcmV2aW91c1BhZ2UiOiJwdWJsaWNhdGlvbiJ9fQ&amp;__cf_chl_tk=0_78l9C4auC130F6Si.z3p.hh337KtP.FbaL0g020kg-1787133098-1.0.1.1-oeyrasWJapBag3khIU_Vx6VsMyHwzq03OI3Esv8ZRR4">&#8220;The elites respond to the challenges of the crisis era with closure.&#8221;</a></em> &#8212; Kov&#225;ch, 2011: 11.</p></blockquote><p>The average age of elite members is going up, and fewer young people are joining. The cultural elite is the hardest group to enter, especially for young people or those from lower social classes. As the book&#8217;s sampling chapter explains, in Hungary today, most new elite members come from the middle and upper-middle classes.</p><p>One detail from the book stands out besides the numbers. In 2009, researchers had a much harder time getting elite members to take part. Many were uncooperative, and some even complained to the researchers&#8217; bosses about the invitation and questions. This had not happened in earlier surveys. When elite members respond to a survey by contacting your supervisor, as they did in 2009, it shows how they feel about being held accountable.</p><p><strong><span>The second is the standard.</span></strong> Elites decide what counts as good. Their role is to keep a standard that stands apart from power, so problems can be noticed. The same 2009 survey found that the Hungarian cultural elite are</p><blockquote><p><em><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Imre-Kovach/publication/280775791_Elitek_a_valsag_koraban_Magyarorszagi_elitek_kisebbsegi_magyar_elitek/links/55c60fe108aeca747d633366/Elitek-a-valsag-koraban-Magyarorszagi-elitek-kisebbsegi-magyar-elitek.pdf?origin=publication_detail&amp;_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uRG93bmxvYWQiLCJwcmV2aW91c1BhZ2UiOiJwdWJsaWNhdGlvbiJ9fQ&amp;__cf_chl_tk=0_78l9C4auC130F6Si.z3p.hh337KtP.FbaL0g020kg-1787133098-1.0.1.1-oeyrasWJapBag3khIU_Vx6VsMyHwzq03OI3Esv8ZRR4">&#8220;at the mercy of state funds and the decision-makers who allocate them.&#8221;</a></em>  &#8212; Kov&#225;ch, 2011: 11.</p></blockquote><p>A cultural elite in this situation cannot keep its own standard of quality. Instead, what is seen as good ends up being decided by whoever provides the money.</p><p>This is the real problem with the subsidy era in Hungarian culture, not just personal judgements about certain works. The main issue is not that poor-quality works were made, but that people lost the ability to notice and fix this.</p><p>These two factors together explain how elites keep their power. Without entry, no new people can join. Without a standard, no one can question who is already there. While <strong><span>money is what a taking elite gets, controlling entry and standards lets them keep getting it in the future.</span></strong></p><div><hr></div><h2>The view that every nation gets the leaders it deserves is not accurate</h2><p>A simple version of this argument says that if everyone is complicit, then no one is responsible. It is important to show why this idea is wrong.</p><p>From an organisational standpoint, Edgar Schein&#8217;s<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-32" href="#footnote-32" target="_self">32</a> view is that culture is not an intangible presence within an institution. Instead, it is influenced by what leadership rewards, reflected in leaders&#8217; priorities, status allocation, and crisis behavior. Therefore, elite and culture are distinct; one largely shapes the other. A leader who rewards loyalty over performance does not simply reflect a low-trust culture but strongly creates it.</p><p>Chris Argyris and Donald Sch&#246;n<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-33" href="#footnote-33" target="_self">33</a> build on this idea by making a distinction between what leaders say they <em>value</em> (<strong>espoused theories</strong>) and what they actually <em>reward</em> (<strong>theories-in-use</strong>).</p><p>In Hungary, unusually, both halves have been measured. On the <strong>espoused</strong> side, a 2008 survey coordinated by Gy&#246;rgy Lengyel and Gabriella Ilonszki questioned eighty members of parliament and forty senior business leaders (heads of major companies, banks and employers&#8217; associations).<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-34" href="#footnote-34" target="_self">34</a> It found support for competition running through the whole elite. The same elite was more sceptical about the EU than its European counterparts, but on competition there was no ambiguity. On the <strong>theory-in-use </strong>side, the elite survey a year later found that within this same stratum, higher status went with a larger network of connections, not with better performance.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-35" href="#footnote-35" target="_self">35</a></p><p>Although these are two different studies with similar but not identical groups, the conclusion is clear: <strong>the elite claim to support competition, but they actually<span> reward personal connections. </span></strong>This shows the gap Argyris and Sch&#246;n describe, not just in one organization but across the country&#8217;s elite.</p><p>A third measurement concerns responsibility. Only 36 percent of political elite members identify themselves as such.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-36" href="#footnote-36" target="_self">36</a> <strong>An elite that does not recognize its own status will not accept the responsibilities that come with it.</strong></p><p>Because of this, the actions of the wider society should be seen as a result of the system, not as shared guilt. <a href="https://www.tarki.hu/hu/research/gazdkult/gazdkult_elemzeszaro_toth.pdf">T&#193;RKI&#8217;s 2009 report</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-37" href="#footnote-37" target="_self">37</a> looked at the values in Hungarian society and found a lack of trust, a sense that rules do not matter, feelings of injustice, and paternalism. Here, paternalism means expecting the state to provide for people, instead of the market or individual effort. In this situation, building personal connections to those in power is not a character defect but a sensible strategy. Practices like h&#225;lap&#233;nz, getting around rules, and &#252;gyesked&#233;s, which are often seen as cleverness, are logical responses to a system set up by those who benefit from it.</p><p>Simon G&#228;chter and Jonathan Schulz<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-38" href="#footnote-38" target="_self">38</a> showed through experiments that people are less honest in societies where breaking rules is common. This means that institutions shape people&#8217;s character just as much as the other way around. Even though their study did not include Hungary, the point still applies: <strong>responsibility belongs to those who make the rules, not those who follow them.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h2>The test that settles it: the border</h2><p>Some readers might think this argument is just about Hungarians having certain traits. But for the past twenty years, the answer has been clear: it is often called &#8220;brain drain.&#8221;</p><p>Hungarian doctors, nurses, engineers, researchers, or other highly skilled professionals who move to cities like Munich, Vienna, Manchester, or Copenhagen settle in quickly. They follow the rules, avoid informal shortcuts, and earn promotions based on their work. Within a year, they modify their expectations to fit the new environment. </p><p>These people have the same background, education, cultural traditions, and even share the same jokes about their homeland. The real difference is in the incentives. Their behavior changes not because life abroad is perfect, but because moving to another country changes what is most rewarding.</p><p>The problem in Hungary is not with its people, but with the opportunities they have, which depend on those who set the incentives. This also helps explain why there is little pressure for reform. The people most keen for change are often the ones who can leave, and it is easier to emigrate than to push for big changes at home. As Hirschman pointed out, <strong>exit substitutes for voice,</strong><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-39" href="#footnote-39" target="_self">39</a> and every person who leaves makes change feel less urgent.</p><div><hr></div><h2>Three things I might be wrong about</h2><p><strong>Not alone in this situation.</strong> </p><p>Comparative data show that my argument cannot rest on Hungary having been worse than its neighbours. On the measures available, it wasn&#8217;t.</p><p>In the 1992&#8211;93 study, Hungary had the <em>highest</em> rate of elite circulation among the countries examined, and its elite selection was already more merit-based than in Poland or Russia before the transition began.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-40" href="#footnote-40" target="_self">40</a> Jacek Wasilewski found that the persistence of the nomenklatura was nearly identical in Hungary, Poland, and Russia, with about two-thirds keeping elite status once retirements are excluded.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-41" href="#footnote-41" target="_self">41</a>  John Higley and Gy&#246;rgy Lengyel described all three transitions as classic cases of elite circulation, peaceful and gradual, but large enough to filter out those unsuited to elite roles.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-42" href="#footnote-42" target="_self">42</a> The authors of the 1992&#8211;93 study added a caveat of their own: the 1993 data exaggerated circulation, since the initial forced turnover was followed by a partial return to earlier patterns.</p><p>The Czech voucher privatization, which K&#252;ll&#337;i suggests was a better option, did not lead to better outcomes. After vouchers were handed out, <em>tunelov&#225;n&#237;</em> (tunnelling) started, which meant systematically stripping assets from investment funds and leaving minority shareholders out. <a href="https://english.radio.cz/why-do-most-czechs-regard-early-90s-voucher-privatisation-unfair-8099520">Viktor Ko&#382;en&#253;</a>, the best-known figure in that process, promised investors &#8220;ten times the value,&#8221; drew in many Czech households, and moved the assets elsewhere. <a href="https://english.radio.cz/why-do-most-czechs-regard-early-90s-voucher-privatisation-unfair-8099520">A Czech financial analyst estimated in 2005</a> that around three-quarters of Czechs had come to regard the voucher scheme as a bad thing.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-43" href="#footnote-43" target="_self">43</a> </p><p>My argument is about a reward rule, not about national inferiority. This is the evidence that forces me to be precise about that.</p><p><strong>There were real changes too.</strong> </p><p>According to research by Andr&#225;s Csite, Zsuzsa Himesi and Imre Kov&#225;ch,<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-44" href="#footnote-44" target="_self">44</a> found that by 2001 political capital had become less important as a route into the elite, while the founders of domestic private companies had emerged as the largest group within the economic elite. Their conclusion was that, by the turn of the millennium, post-socialism had ended in the Hungarian economy. If that is correct&#8212;and these are their data, not mine&#8212;then 2010 marked the return of politics, a genuine rupture. I am not saying nothing changed, but that <strong>the way people were chosen stayed the same</strong>,<strong> </strong>which made it easy for the old system to come back after 2010<strong>. The market period changed who benefited, but not what was valued</strong>.</p><p><strong>Not a particularly deferential society.</strong></p><p>We are not a particularly deferential society &#8212; even though I almost wrote this essay as if we were. Hungary&#8217;s Hofstede power-distance score is 46, moderate to low.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-45" href="#footnote-45" target="_self">45</a> Hogan Assessments&#8217; 2025 benchmark of more than 350 Hungarian managers and executives puts them twelve percentile points below the global average on <em>Dutiful</em>: independent-minded, willing to challenge authority, and on that scale no risk at all. <em>Recognition</em> is their highest-scoring value, indicating a strong desire for visibility and acknowledgement. <em>Altruism</em> is the lowest.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-46" href="#footnote-46" target="_self">46</a> We do not defer much, and our leaders would rather be seen than hidden.</p><p>That is not a passive population under a strict hierarchy. Put plainly, the reality is harsher than the one I expected to find. Hungary <strong><span>is not a servile society, but rather an uncooperative one</span></strong>. People here show little deference or altruism, are highly competitive, and do not indulge much. Instead of being a nation of followers, Hungary is made up of assertive individuals with weak group norms, each thinking they are in a zero-sum game.</p><p>K&#252;ll&#337;i named the symptom but not the cause: <em><a href="https://www.forbes.hu/podcast/forbes-deal2036-kulloi-peter-bator-tabor-filantropia/">&#8220;We have always played a zero-sum game.&#8221;</a></em> <span>Which means the elite is not a separate group above society but the winning end of a spectrum that runs through all of it. That is a less comfortable conclusion than the one I set out to write. But sharing a spectrum does not spread the responsibility evenly. Only one end writes the rules.</span></p><div><hr></div><h3>The first hundred days are not a verdict</h3><p>In April 2026, Hungarian voters ended the sixteen-year Orb&#225;n government, even though media control was strong. This is one of most important political changes since 1989, and it deserves recognition. Still, it is not yet clear what the new government will represent after its first hundred days. So far, the early signs are few and not especially promising.</p><p>At this stage, all we can say today is that<strong> the tools of power were not taken away; they just have new owners.</strong> Control over public media, state advertising, university boards, and procurement decisions all remain in place. Only the people have changed or are changing. How these tools are used depends on the people in charge, but the continued existence shows the system has not changed. Yet.</p><p>I want to share just a few examples out of many, but I do so carefully, since one appointment or error does not define the whole system.</p><p>The first example: On 30 April 2026, just eighteen days after the election, the new prime minister chose his brother-in-law to be Minister of Justice.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-47" href="#footnote-47" target="_self">47</a> He defended this choice the next day, calling the family tie &#8220;a serious dilemma,&#8221; accepting the criticism, and pointing out the nominee&#8217;s long involvement in the movement. P&#233;ter Magyar also said his sister would step back from her role as a judge and promised the minister&#8217;s work would be fully transparent. This is a reasonable answer, but it brings up the main issue. The problem is not the appointment itself, but the reason given: &#8220;<em>He was with us from the start&#8221; </em>is the kind of explanation expected from someone who was supposed to end these practices, and it happened within the first two weeks.</p><p>There is a second example, and this is not meant as an accusation. On 13 May 2026, Hungary named a new Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy. Before joining the government, he spent thirty-seven years at Shell in many roles, most recently as Global Executive Vice President, overseeing 45,000 service stations in 85 countries.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-48" href="#footnote-48" target="_self">48</a> At first, this seemed like the kind of appointment Hungary had been waiting for: someone who succeeded abroad at a top company and then returned home. His public asset declaration shows he is the wealthiest member of the government, with about &#8364;8.7 million in shares in his portfolio.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-49" href="#footnote-49" target="_self">49</a> The declaration does not say how much of that is Shell stock. In July, the opposition party Fidesz called for him to sell his Shell shares, saying he was making almost one billion HUF from rising oil prices.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-50" href="#footnote-50" target="_self">50</a> But what matters more is what is left after setting aside the accusation.</p><p>For thirty-seven years, the minister worked at a company that would not have let him own shares in any business affected by his decisions at Shell. All big multinational companies have this rule, and employees sign yearly forms listing restricted stocks. Now, as a government minister, he decides national energy and fuel policy, owns an unknown amount of stock in a global energy company, and is not required to sell, use a blind trust, or reveal the details. is no evidence of improper conduct, nor is any alleged. The issue is structural: <strong><span>the Hungarian state applies a weaker conflict-of-interest standard to its energy minister than his former employer did</span></strong>. A compliance department in London would have resolved this quickly with a form. In Hungary, the rules do not require resolution, so the question remains open, and the outcome depends entirely on the officeholder&#8217;s integrity.</p><p>This is how a weak reward rule operates. It does not create corruption, but it fails to make integrity a structural requirement, leaving the public reliant on individual character.</p><blockquote><p><em><a href="https://www.forbes.hu/podcast/forbes-deal2036-kulloi-peter-bator-tabor-filantropia/">&#8220;Two mistakes were made at the outset. One involved a relative&#8217;s income... the other involved a minister who provoked too much resistance. Both cases were corrected. Whether that happened because there is a healthy culture of correcting mistakes, or simply because they wanted to avoid something that would inflame public opinion&#8212;that is something only time will tell.&#8221;</a> </em>&#8212; K&#252;ll&#337;i, 2026.</p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2>The list</h2><p>Essays like this often follow a pattern. They criticize the system, decide the system itself is the problem, and end up giving readers a reason not to do anything. This result is discouraging and actually benefits those being criticized.</p><p>But I want to make it clear: there is a solution.</p><p><strong><span>The reward rule isn&#8217;t just a theory. It appears</span></strong> in procurement thresholds, single-bidder limits, state advertising rules, governance laws for public-interest foundations, tax-diversion plans, and public media appointment rules. A government with a strong mandate can change these documents, and this government has the biggest mandate in sixteen years.</p><p>This approach turns the general wish for better leadership into a clear, practical list. I will go over five key questions.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><strong>1. Does this government write rules that bind itself? </strong></p><p>This question is the most important and shapes the rest. A regime that truly wants reform sets rules for itself. One that just wants power sets rules for others but not for itself. These intentions might sound the same in speeches, but <strong>you can tell the difference in the laws by seeing who the rules apply to and when they star<span>t.</span></strong></p><p>For example, do the new conflict-of-interest and asset-disclosure rules apply to the current cabinet, including the Minister of Economy and Energy, this year, or only after the next election? Can institutions like the constitutional court, ombudsman, state audit office, prosecutors, and freedom-of-information law act on their own and hold the government to account? Would this government accept legal limits that future opponents could use against it? Does it share information beyond what the law requires? Do all government officials and party MPs answer media questions, no matter the outlet&#8217;s politics?</p><p>Even before any new laws, you can look at how the government talks about the past sixteen years. If it says &#8220;Orb&#225;n was corrupt,&#8221; it is getting ready to take over. If it says &#8220;this machine allocates rents, and we are dismantling it,&#8221; it is aiming for real reform. How a problem is described shows what kind of solution is planned. Since it costs nothing to diagnose a problem, these statements are usually honest.</p></div><p>The next four questions help you judge the answer.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>2. Are <strong>the tools</strong>&#8212;like public-media governance, state advertising, university foundation boards, and procurement rules&#8212;actually dismantled, or are they just given new staff?</p></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>3.By 2027-2028, will the indicators of <strong>single-bidder deals and cronyism</strong> in procurement data decrease, or will only the winners' names change?</p></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>4. Does the ruling party build <strong>real internal democracy</strong>, with open candidate selection, different groups, and a congress that can say no, or does it stay as one person&#8217;s tool?</p></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>5. When the <strong>&#8364;17.9 billion</strong> in suspended EU funds is released, will the money move through reformed channels or the old ones?</p></div><p>My argument makes a clear prediction: <strong><span>leadership might change, but the system underneath will stay the same. </span></strong><span>This can be tested. If by 2028, the single-bidder rate and procurement risk numbers drop a lot, and public funds are less concentrated&#8212;not just with new names&#8212;then I was wrong. I would be glad to see that happen</span>.</p><div><hr></div><h2>Final reflection</h2><p>The elite deal offers bigger rewards for taking on more responsibility, all meant to serve the common good. For thirty-six years, Hungary has focused on the rewards and ignored the responsibilities. The main question is not whether today&#8217;s leaders are better than those before, even if many are. The real issue is whether anyone plans to change the values and incentives that form our country<strong><span>.</span></strong></p><p>This question creates a record that, for once, can actually be checked.</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Disagree? Good. I don&#8217;t write to be right&#8212;I write to be tested. Bring your &#8220;Tenth Man&#8221; view, your sharpest counterpoint, or even a quiet doubt. Sometimes the most useful critique is the one that unsettles my own thinking.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Don&#8217;t forget to subscribe for more Critical Hungary Insights!</em></p><div><hr></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading Critical Hungary! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/takers-not-makers-hungarys-extractive?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/takers-not-makers-hungarys-extractive?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/takers-not-makers-hungarys-extractive/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/takers-not-makers-hungarys-extractive/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Ilonszki, Gabriella (2009): <em>K&#233;pvisel&#337;k &#233;s k&#233;pviselet Magyarorsz&#225;gon a 19. &#233;s 20. sz&#225;zadban</em>. Quoted by: Krist&#243;f Luca (2011): Elitkutat&#225;sok Magyarorsz&#225;gon 1989&#8211;2010. In: Kov&#225;ch Imre (ed.): <em>Elitek a v&#225;ls&#225;g kor&#225;ban. Magyarorsz&#225;gi elitek, kisebbs&#233;gi magyar elitek</em>. Budapest: MTA Politikatudom&#225;nyi Int&#233;zet &#8211; MTA Etnikai-nemzeti Kisebbs&#233;gkutat&#243; Int&#233;zet &#8211; Argumentum Kiad&#243;, 231-252.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Gizi&#324;ska, Ilona (2026): </span>Stable stagnation: Hungary's economic standing after 16 years of Orb&#225;n's rule<span>. OSW Commentary No. 719. </span><em><span>Centre for Eastern Studies</span></em><span>, </span>2026, March 20<span>. Online: </span><a href="https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2026-03-20/stable-stagnation-hungarys-economic-standing-after-16-years">https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2026-03-20/stable-stagnation-hungarys-economic-standing-after-16-years</a></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Bod&#243;, Zolt&#225;n (2025): A Leadership Culture That Holds Back. Diagnosing Hungarian Realities Through the Lens of Organizational Dysfunction.<em> criticalhungary.hu</em>, 2025, November 20. Online: https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/a-leadership-culture-that-holds-back</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Coopers &amp; Lybrand was one of the "Big Six" international accounting and consulting firms; in 1998 it merged with Price Waterhouse to form PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Forbes Deal 2036 (2026): K&#252;ll&#337;i P&#233;ter: Nincs meg az a fajta b&#225;tors&#225;g, ami nemzetk&#246;zi vil&#225;gra val&#243; nyitotts&#225;got jelenti. <em>forbes.hu</em>, 2026, June 6. Online: https://www.forbes.hu/podcast/forbes-deal2036-kulloi-peter-bator-tabor-filantropia/</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Grant, Adam M. (2013): <em>Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success</em>. New York: Viking. </p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-7" href="#footnote-anchor-7" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">7</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Szel&#233;nyi, Iv&#225;n &#8211; Mih&#225;lyi, P&#233;ter (2026): <em>Az egyenl&#337;tlens&#233;gek &#250;j form&#225;i. Magyarorsz&#225;g az Orb&#225;n-korszakban, 2010&#8211;2025</em>. Budapest: T&#193;RKI. </p><p>Mih&#225;lyi, P&#233;ter &#8211; Szel&#233;nyi, Iv&#225;n (2019). <em>Rent-seekers, profits, wages and inequality: The top 20%</em>. Cham: Palgrave Pivot.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-8" href="#footnote-anchor-8" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">8</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>This deserves fuller treatment than a footnote. Foreign-owned multinationals already accounted for <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20190411-1">more than half of Hungarian GDP by 2019</a> (see https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20190411-1), and they are productive by international standards, not merely by Hungarian ones. The shortfall is therefore domestic &#8212; and it is not that domestic owners are worse at their jobs. Tax, regulatory, playbook settings, and market specificity make productive operation at small scale close to impossible. That is a reward rule too. It rewards staying small, staying informal, or staying connected, over becoming productive. I set out the arithmetic in <a href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/break-even-mirage-hungarys-false">The Brake-Even Lie</a>. </p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-9" href="#footnote-anchor-9" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">9</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Kov&#225;ch, Imre (szerk.) (2011): <em>Elitek a v&#225;ls&#225;g kor&#225;ban</em>. Budapest: MTA Politikatudom&#225;nyi Int&#233;zet &#8211; MTA Etnikai-nemzeti Kisebbs&#233;gkutat&#243; Int&#233;zet &#8211; Argumentum</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-10" href="#footnote-anchor-10" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">10</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>NER &#8212; </span><em>Nemzeti Egy&#252;ttm&#369;k&#246;d&#233;s Rendszere</em><span>, </span>[<span>System of National Cooperation</span>]<span>, the name Viktor Orb&#225;n gave the post-2010 order in his May 2010 declaration to Parliament, now used mainly by critics as shorthand for that order and its patronage networks.</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-11" href="#footnote-anchor-11" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">11</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Girst, No&#233;mi &#8211; Keil, Andr&#225;s. (2011). Zavar a fejekben? &#8211; A magyarorsz&#225;gi elitek &#233;s a politika 2009-ben. In Kov&#225;ch Imre (ed.), <em>Elitek a v&#225;ls&#225;g kor&#225;ban: Magyarorsz&#225;gi elitek, kisebbs&#233;gi magyar elitek</em>. Budapest: MTA PTI&#8211;ENKI / Argumentum, 315&#8211;336.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-12" href="#footnote-anchor-12" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">12</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Stark, David (1990). Privatization in Hungary: from Plan to Market or from Plan to Clan? <em>East European Politics and Societies</em>, 4(3), 351-392.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-13" href="#footnote-anchor-13" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">13</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Szel&#233;nyi, Szonja &#8211; Szel&#233;nyi, Iv&#225;n &#8211; Kov&#225;ch, Imre (1995): The making of the Hungarian postcommunist elite: Circulation in politics, reproduction in the economy. <em>Theory and Society</em>, 24, 697&#8211;722. Online: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00993403">https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00993403</a></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-14" href="#footnote-anchor-14" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">14</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Kolosi, Tam&#225;s &#8211; S&#225;gi, Matild (1997): <em>Nagyv&#225;llalkoz&#243;k &#233;s t&#225;rsadalmi k&#246;rnyezet&#252;k</em>. Budapest: T&#225;rki.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-15" href="#footnote-anchor-15" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">15</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>See www.inflationtool.com</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-16" href="#footnote-anchor-16" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">16</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Szalai, Erzs&#233;bet (1994): </span><em>&#218;tel&#225;gaz&#225;s. Hatalom &#233;s &#233;rtelmis&#233;g az &#225;llamszocializmus ut&#225;n</em><span>; Budapest-Szombathely: Pesti Szalon K&#246;nyvkiad&#243;/ Savaria University Press</span></p><p>Szalai, Erzs&#233;bet<span> (1998): </span><em>Az elitek &#225;tv&#225;ltoz&#225;sa</em><span>. Budapest: &#218;j Mand&#225;tum Kiad&#243;.</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-17" href="#footnote-anchor-17" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">17</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>GKI Gazdas&#225;gkutat&#243; Zrt. (2009): </span><em>A korrupci&#243; &#233;s a k&#246;zbeszerz&#233;si korrupci&#243; Magyarorsz&#225;gon</em><span> [Corruption and public procurement corruption in Hungary], vol. I. Papanek, G&#225;bor (ed.). Budapest: GKI. Commissioned by the Public Procurement Council (K&#246;zbeszerz&#233;sek Tan&#225;csa). Pp. 1, 3; the detailed estimate of the price effect, 23&#8211;26%, at p. 20.</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-18" href="#footnote-anchor-18" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">18</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Ibid., section 3.3.1, "A 90%-n&#225;l alacsonyabb &#233;rt&#233;ket al&#225;t&#225;maszt&#243; &#233;rvek" [Arguments for a figure below 90%], pp. 224&#8211;225: </span><em>"a korrupci&#243; val&#243;s hazai gyakoris&#225;g&#225;t a fenti 90%-os becsl&#233;sn&#233;l mindenk&#233;pp kisebbre kell tenn&#252;nk"</em><span> &#8212; the real domestic frequency of corruption must in any case be put lower than the 90% estimate above. Fazekas (2010: 4) passes these figures on as "corruption fees&#8230; 22-26% of the procurement contract value involving 70-90% of all public procurement procedures." Both differ from the source: the 22&#8211;26% is GKI's estimate of how much more procurement there would be if everything were properly tendered, not the corruption mark-up; and the report's own frequency estimate is 65&#8211;75%, the 90% figure being precisely the one it argues against.</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-19" href="#footnote-anchor-19" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">19</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Fazekas, Mih&#225;ly (2010): A Diagnosis of Corruption in Hungary. <em>ERCAS Working</em>, Working Paper No. 7, 1-18.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-20" href="#footnote-anchor-20" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">20</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Fazekas, Mih&#225;ly &#8211; T&#243;th, Istv&#225;n J&#225;nos &#8211; King, Lawrence Peter (2016): An Objective Corruption Risk Index Using Public Procurement Data. </span><em>European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research</em><span>, 22(3), 369&#8211;397. Online: </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-016-9308-z">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-016-9308-z</a></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-21" href="#footnote-anchor-21" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">21</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Hvg (2003): Tocsikol&#225;s. <em>Hvg.hu</em>, 2003, April 8. Online: https://hvg.hu/itthon/00000000004B659D</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-22" href="#footnote-anchor-22" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">22</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Scheiring, G&#225;bor (2019): <em>Egy demokr&#225;cia hal&#225;la. Az autoriter kapitalizmus &#233;s a felhalmoz&#243; &#225;llam felemelked&#233;se Magyarorsz&#225;gon</em>. Budapest: Napvil&#225;g Kiad&#243; (T&#225;rsadalomelm&#233;leti M&#369;hely).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-23" href="#footnote-anchor-23" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">23</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Transparency International (2025): <em>Corruptions Perceptions Index 2025</em>. trasparency.hu. Online: https://transparency.hu/hirek/cpi-2025-eredmenyek-jelentes/</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-24" href="#footnote-anchor-24" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">24</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Horn, Andrea (2026): Milyen sporteredm&#233;nyeket hozott az ut&#225;np&#243;tl&#225;sra &#246;nt&#246;tt k&#246;zp&#233;nzes&#337;?<em>hvg360</em>, 2026. April 2. Online: https://hvg.hu/360/20260428_utanpotlas-sport-forrasok-latvany-csapatsportok-ner</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-25" href="#footnote-anchor-25" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">25</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>J&#225;vor, Bence (2019): 658 milli&#225;rd forint jutott ta&#243;b&#243;l a l&#225;tv&#225;nysportok t&#225;mogat&#225;s&#225;ra &#8212; <em>Index</em>, 2019. April 25. Online: https://index.hu/sport/2019/04/25/658_milliard_tao_tamogatas_felcsut_labdarugas_kezilabda_latvanysportag_kozpenz/</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-26" href="#footnote-anchor-26" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">26</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#193;ghassi, Attila (2023): A magyar sport k&#233;t &#233;vtizede (2000&#8211;2020) a sz&#225;mok t&#252;kr&#233;ben &#8212; MOB-tanulm&#225;ny, <em>Telex</em>, 2023. February 11. Online: https://telex.hu/sport/2023/02/11/magyar-sport-adatok-2000-es-2020-elemzes</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-27" href="#footnote-anchor-27" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">27</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Magyar Narancs (2019): J&#246;n a k&#233;zivez&#233;rl&#233;s a sz&#237;nh&#225;zakn&#225;l? <em>Magyar Narancs.</em> <span>2019. January 29. </span>Online: https://magyarnarancs.hu/szinhaz2/tao-szinhaz-finanszirozas-116869</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-28" href="#footnote-anchor-28" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">28</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Czenkli, Dorka (2019): T&#246;bb p&#233;nzt kapnak a sz&#237;nh&#225;zak, de ez egy&#252;tt j&#225;r a politikai f&#252;gg&#337;s&#233;ggel. <em>Magyar Narancs</em>. <span>2019, April 26. </span>Online: https://magyarnarancs.hu/szinhaz2/szinhazi-tao-helyett-119245</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-29" href="#footnote-anchor-29" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">29</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>F&#233;nyes, Hajnalka (2011): <em>A magyarorsz&#225;gi elit kultur&#225;lis &#233;s anyagi t&#337;k&#233;i &#233;s t&#225;rsadalmi mobilit&#225;sa</em>. In: Kov&#225;ch Imre (ed.): <em>Elitek a v&#225;ls&#225;g kor&#225;ban</em>. Budapest: MTA Politikatudom&#225;nyi Int&#233;zet &#8211; MTA Etnikai-nemzeti Kisebbs&#233;gkutat&#243; Int&#233;zet &#8211; Argumentum Kiad&#243;, 177&#8211;206.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-30" href="#footnote-anchor-30" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">30</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Kov&#225;ch, Imre (2011): El&#337;sz&#243; &#8211; Elitek a v&#225;ls&#225;g kor&#225;ban. In: Kov&#225;ch, Imre (ed.): <em>Elitek a v&#225;ls&#225;g kor&#225;ban. Magyarorsz&#225;gi elitek, kisebbs&#233;gi magyar elitek</em>. Budapest: MTA Politikatudom&#225;nyi Int&#233;zet &#8211; MTA Etnikai-nemzeti Kisebbs&#233;gkutat&#243; Int&#233;zet &#8211; Argumentum Kiad&#243;, 11.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-31" href="#footnote-anchor-31" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">31</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Csurg&#243;, Bernadett &#8211; Megyesi, Boldizs&#225;r (2011): Elit-meghat&#225;roz&#225;sok &#233;s elitcsoportok<em> </em>&#8212; A 2009-es magyarorsz&#225;gi elitkutat&#225;s mint&#225;ir&#243;l. In: Kov&#225;ch, Imre (ed.): <em>Elitek a v&#225;ls&#225;g kor&#225;ban. Magyarorsz&#225;gi elitek, kisebbs&#233;gi magyar elitek</em>. Budapest: MTA Politikatudom&#225;nyi Int&#233;zet &#8211; MTA Etnikai-nemzeti Kisebbs&#233;gkutat&#243; Int&#233;zet &#8211; Argumentum Kiad&#243;, 173.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-32" href="#footnote-anchor-32" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">32</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Schein, Edgar. H. &#8211; Schein, Peter A. (2016): <em>Organizational Culture and Leadership</em>. 5th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. </p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-33" href="#footnote-anchor-33" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">33</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Argyris, Chris &#8211; Sch&#246;n, Donald A. (1974): <em>Theory in Practice: Increasing Professional Effectiveness</em>. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-34" href="#footnote-anchor-34" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">34</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Szab&#243;, K&#225;roly (2008): A gazdas&#225;gi elit egyes csoportjainak EU-k&#233;pe: Bank&#225;rok, menedzserek &#233;s a gazdas&#225;gi &#233;rdekv&#233;delmi szervezetek vezet&#337;i. In Lengyel, Gy&#246;rgy (ed.) (2008): <em>A magyar politikai &#233;s gazdas&#225;gi elit EU-k&#233;pe</em>. Budapest: Corvinus Egyetem. 137&#8211;161. Online: https://unipub.lib.uni-corvinus.hu/1002/1/LengyelGy_EUkep_elit.pdf</p><p>J&#225;ger, Krisztina (2008): K&#252;l&#246;nbs&#233;gek az Eur&#243;pai Uni&#243; meg&#237;t&#233;l&#233;s&#233;ben &#8211; attit&#369;d vagy poz&#237;ci&#243;? A korm&#225;nyp&#225;rti &#233;s ellenz&#233;ki k&#233;pvisel&#337;k n&#233;zetei. In Lengyel, Gy&#246;rgy (ed.) (2008): <em>A magyar politikai &#233;s gazdas&#225;gi elit EU-k&#233;pe</em>. Budapest: Corvinus Egyetem. 120&#8211;136. Online: https://unipub.lib.uni-corvinus.hu/1002/1/LengyelGy_EUkep_elit.pdf</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-35" href="#footnote-anchor-35" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">35</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Kov&#225;ch, Imre (2011): El&#337;sz&#243;. In Kov&#225;ch, Imre (ed.): </span><em>Elitek a v&#225;ls&#225;g kor&#225;ban. Magyarorsz&#225;gi elitek, kisebbs&#233;gi magyar elitek.</em><span> Budapest: MTA PTI &#8211; MTA ENKI &#8211; Argumentum Kiad&#243;, 11.</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-36" href="#footnote-anchor-36" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">36</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Girst, No&#233;mi &#8211; Keil, Andr&#225;s. (2011). Zavar a fejekben? &#8211; A magyarorsz&#225;gi elitek &#233;s a politika 2009-ben. In Kov&#225;ch Imre (ed.), <em>Elitek a v&#225;ls&#225;g kor&#225;ban: Magyarorsz&#225;gi elitek, kisebbs&#233;gi magyar elitek</em>. Budapest: MTA PTI&#8211;ENKI / Argumentum, 315&#8211;336.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-37" href="#footnote-anchor-37" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">37</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>T&#243;th, Istv&#225;n Gy&#246;rgy (2009): <em>Bizalomhi&#225;ny, normazavarok, igazs&#225;gtalans&#225;g&#233;rzet &#233;s paternalizmus a magyar t&#225;rsadalom &#233;rt&#233;kszerkezet&#233;ben. A gazdas&#225;gi felemelked&#233;s t&#225;rsadalmi-kultur&#225;lis felt&#233;telei c&#237;m&#369; kutat&#225;s z&#225;r&#243;jelent&#233;se.</em> Budapest: T&#193;RKI. Online: https://www.tarki.hu/hu/research/gazdkult/gazdkult_elemzeszaro_toth.pdf</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-38" href="#footnote-anchor-38" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">38</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>G&#228;chter, Simon &#8211; Schulz, Jonathan. F. (2016): Intrinsic honesty and the prevalence of rule violations across societies. <em>Nature</em>, 531, 496&#8211;499. </p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-39" href="#footnote-anchor-39" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">39</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Hirschman Albert O. (1995): <em>Kivonul&#225;s, tiltakoz&#225;s, h&#369;s&#233;g. Hogyan reag&#225;lnak v&#225;llalatok, szervezetek &#233;s &#225;llamok hanyatl&#225;s&#225;ra az &#233;rintettek?</em> Trans. Mezei, I. Gy&#246;rgy. Osiris Kiad&#243;, Budapest. 171.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-40" href="#footnote-anchor-40" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">40</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>See Krist&#243;f Luca (2011): Elitkutat&#225;sok Magyarorsz&#225;gon 1989&#8211;2010. In: Kov&#225;ch Imre (ed.): <em>Elitek a v&#225;ls&#225;g kor&#225;ban</em>. Budapest: MTA Politikatudom&#225;nyi Int&#233;zet &#8211; MTA Etnikai-nemzeti Kisebbs&#233;gkutat&#243; Int&#233;zet &#8211; Argumentum Kiad&#243;, 40, 41.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-41" href="#footnote-anchor-41" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">41</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Wasilewski, Jacek (1998): </span>Hungary, Poland and Russia: The Fate of Nomenklatura Elites.<span> In: Dogan, Mattei &#8211; Higley, John (eds.): </span><em>Elites, Crises and the Origins of Regimes.</em><span> Lanham, MD: Rowman &amp; Littlefield, 147&#8211;168. Quoted by:  Luca, </span>Krist&#243;f.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-42" href="#footnote-anchor-42" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">42</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Higley, John &#8211; Lengyel, Gy&#246;rgy (eds.) (2000): </span><em>Elites after State Socialism: Theories and Analysis.</em><span> Lanham, MD: Rowman &amp; Littlefield. As summarised by Krist&#243;f 2011: 40&#8211;41.</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-43" href="#footnote-anchor-43" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">43</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Willoughby, Ian (2005): </span>Why do most Czechs regard early 90s voucher privatisation as unfair?<span> </span><em><span>Radio Prague International</span></em><span>, 2005, June 1. Online: </span><a href="https://english.radio.cz/why-do-most-czechs-regard-early-90s-voucher-privatisation-unfair-8099520">https://english.radio.cz/why-do-most-czechs-regard-early-90s-voucher-privatisation-unfair-8099520</a></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-44" href="#footnote-anchor-44" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">44</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Csite, Andr&#225;s &#8211; Himesi, Zsuzsa &#8211; Kov&#225;ch, Imre (2001): <em>A gazdas&#225;gi elit szociol&#243;giai &#246;sszet&#233;tel&#233;nek &#233;s jellemz&#337;inek empirikus vizsg&#225;lata</em>. Budapest: MTA Politikai Tudom&#225;nyok Int&#233;zete &#8211; Rur&#225;lis Eur&#243;pa H&#225;z Kutat&#243;k&#246;zpont</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-45" href="#footnote-anchor-45" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">45</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Hofstede, Geert &#8211; Hofstede, Gert Jan &#8211; Minkov, Michael (2010): <em>Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind &#8212; Intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival</em> (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-46" href="#footnote-anchor-46" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">46</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Hogan Assessments (2025): </span><em>Personality trends of emergent Hungarian leaders</em><span>. Online: </span><a href="https://www.hoganassessments%EE%80%80.com/news-events/updates/personality-tre%EE%80%80nds-of-emergent-hungarian-leaders/">https://www.hoganassessments.com/news-events/updates/personality-trends-of-emergent-hungarian-leaders/</a></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-47" href="#footnote-anchor-47" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">47</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Tan&#225;cs, G&#225;bor (2026): Hungary&#8217;s P&#233;ter Magyar defends appointing brother-in-law as justice minister. <em>Euronews</em>, 2026. May 1. Online: https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2026/05/01/hungarys-peter-magyar-defends-appointing-brother-in-law-as-countrys-justice-minister</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-48" href="#footnote-anchor-48" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">48</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Kr&#225;sz, Zsombor (2026): Kapit&#225;ny Istv&#225;n gazdas&#225;gi &#233;s energetikai miniszter kinevez&#233;se. <em>Telex.hu</em>. 2026, April 20. Online: https://telex.hu/gazdasag/2026/04/20/kapitany-istvan-gazdasagi-es-energetikai-miniszter-kinevezes-tisza-kormany</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-49" href="#footnote-anchor-49" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">49</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Kontroll (2026): Hatmilli&#243;t&#243;l a hatmilli&#225;rdig &#8212; a magyar korm&#225;ny els&#337; vagyonnyilatkozatai. <em>Kontroll.hu</em>, 2026. June 9. Online: https://kontroll.hu/cikk/belfold/2026/06/09/hatmilliotol-a-hatmilliardig-terjed-a-skala-itt-vannak-a-magyar-kormany-elso-vagyonnyilatkozatai</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-50" href="#footnote-anchor-50" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">50</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Contextus (2026): Kapit&#225;ny Istv&#225;n Shell-r&#233;szv&#233;nyei. <em>Contextus.hu</em>, 2026. July 20. Online: https://contextus.hu/kapitany-istvan-shell-reszvenyei-fidesz/</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Egy vereségbeszéd kórbonctana: a Fidesz Nyrt. és a szemfényvesztés ára]]></title><description><![CDATA[Orb&#225;n Viktor 32. kongresszusi veres&#233;gbesz&#233;d&#233;nek marketingmix-auditja &#8212; a besz&#233;d mint vez&#233;rigazgat&#243;i besz&#225;mol&#243; a r&#233;szv&#233;nyeseknek.]]></description><link>https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/egy-veresegbeszed-korbonctana-a-fidesz</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/egy-veresegbeszed-korbonctana-a-fidesz</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Zoltán Bodó]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 26 Jul 2026 14:28:29 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4CE6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e734239-2a99-4234-8036-3fc90fad0494_1080x720.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><hr></div><p><span>Magyar nyelv&#369; v&#225;ltozat &#8212; az eredeti, angol &#237;r&#225;s </span><a href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/the-price-of-illusionism-a-post-mortem">itt &#233;rhet&#337; el</a><span>.</span></p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4CE6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e734239-2a99-4234-8036-3fc90fad0494_1080x720.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4CE6!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e734239-2a99-4234-8036-3fc90fad0494_1080x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4CE6!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e734239-2a99-4234-8036-3fc90fad0494_1080x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4CE6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e734239-2a99-4234-8036-3fc90fad0494_1080x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4CE6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e734239-2a99-4234-8036-3fc90fad0494_1080x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4CE6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e734239-2a99-4234-8036-3fc90fad0494_1080x720.jpeg" width="1080" height="720" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4e734239-2a99-4234-8036-3fc90fad0494_1080x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:59465,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;person holding white and black love print paper&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="person holding white and black love print paper" title="person holding white and black love print paper" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4CE6!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e734239-2a99-4234-8036-3fc90fad0494_1080x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4CE6!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e734239-2a99-4234-8036-3fc90fad0494_1080x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4CE6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e734239-2a99-4234-8036-3fc90fad0494_1080x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4CE6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e734239-2a99-4234-8036-3fc90fad0494_1080x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@sharonmccutcheon">Alexander Grey</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><div><hr></div><h6><strong>ABSZTRAKT</strong></h6><p>A tanulm&#225;ny a politikai p&#225;rtot v&#225;llalatk&#233;nt, vezet&#337;j&#233;t vez&#233;rigazgat&#243;k&#233;nt kezeli, &#233;s Orb&#225;n Viktornak a veres&#233;g ut&#225;n, a 32. Fidesz-kongresszuson mondott besz&#233;d&#233;t &#250;gy &#233;rtelmezi, mint a vez&#233;rigazgat&#243; besz&#225;mol&#243;j&#225;t a r&#233;szv&#233;nyeseknek egy katasztrof&#225;lis &#233;vr&#337;l. A teljes besz&#233;d mondat szint&#369; tartalomelemz&#233;se (252 &#225;ll&#237;t&#225;s, 2 708 sz&#243;, 32 perc) minden egys&#233;get a marketingmix n&#233;gy P-je &#233;s h&#225;rom tov&#225;bbi dimenzi&#243; ment&#233;n k&#243;dol: a <em>mi&#8211;&#337;k viszony&#237;t&#225;s</em>, a <em>valencia</em> (az el&#337;jele annak ahogy a p&#225;rt &#246;nmag&#225;r&#243;l besz&#233;l), <span>valamint </span>az <em>attrib&#250;ci&#243;</em><span> (a veres&#233;g okainak bels&#337; vagy k&#252;ls&#337; elhelyez&#233;se) </span>&#233;s a m&#233;lys&#233;g. A besz&#233;d &#233;rdemi idej&#233;nek k&#233;tharmad&#225;t maga a p&#225;rt kapja, a veres&#233;g t&#237;z felsorolt oka k&#246;z&#252;l m&#233;gis csak egy sz&#243;l a term&#233;kr&#337;l, &#233;s egyik sem &#225;ll&#237;tja, hogy a term&#233;k rossz lett volna. A kudarc okaira adott magyar&#225;zatnak nagyj&#225;b&#243;l a harmada-k&#233;t&#246;t&#246;de kifel&#233; mutat; a menedzsment &#225;ltal felv&#225;llalt okok k&#246;z&#246;tt a v&#233;grehajt&#225;si hib&#225;k k&#246;zel n&#233;gyszeres t&#250;ls&#250;lyban vannak a l&#233;nyegi hib&#225;kkal szemben; a p&#225;rt saj&#225;t aj&#225;nlat&#225;t pedig k&#233;tszer annyi dics&#233;ret v&#233;di, mint amennyi &#246;nkritika &#233;ri. R&#233;szv&#233;nyesi kommunik&#225;ci&#243;k&#233;nt a dokumentum hozz&#225;&#233;rt&#337; kamp&#225;ny-ut&#243;elemz&#233;s, amely azonban sosem vizsg&#225;lja meg a term&#233;ket vagy a m&#225;rk&#225;t. A tanulm&#225;ny mindezt a szemf&#233;nyveszt&#233;s &#225;rak&#233;nt &#233;rtelmezi &#8212; egy elbesz&#233;l&#233;s-k&#246;zpont&#250; korm&#225;nyz&#225;si modell &#225;rak&#233;nt, amely a l&#233;nyegi probl&#233;m&#225;kat kommunik&#225;ci&#243;s probl&#233;mak&#233;nt kezeli. Ez abban a pillanatban v&#225;lik l&#225;that&#243;v&#225;, amikor a modell k&#233;tszeresen is cs&#337;d&#246;t mond: a szemf&#233;nyveszt&#233;s megsz&#369;nik hatni arra a v&#225;laszt&#243;i k&#246;rre, amelyre a legnagyobb sz&#252;ks&#233;g lett volna, szerz&#337;je pedig m&#225;r nem k&#233;pes a saj&#225;tjak&#233;nt felismerni a kudarcot.</p><div><hr></div><h6><strong>01</strong></h6><h3><strong>A v&#225;llalat, a vez&#233;rigazgat&#243; &#233;s az &#233;ves besz&#225;mol&#243;</strong></h3><p>K&#233;pzelj&#252;k el a Fidesz p&#225;rtot t&#337;zsdei v&#225;llalatk&#233;nt. A tagok &#233;s a szavaz&#243;k a r&#233;szv&#233;nyesek, a vezet&#337; a vez&#233;rigazgat&#243;, a parlamenti frakci&#243; az igazgat&#243;s&#225;g, a statisztikai hivatalok &#233;s a v&#225;laszt&#225;si bizotts&#225;g pedig a k&#246;nyvvizsg&#225;l&#243;k, akik k&#246;zz&#233;teszik a besz&#225;mol&#243;t. A v&#225;laszt&#225;s a k&#246;zgy&#369;l&#233;s, ahol a vezet&#337;i megb&#237;zat&#225;st meg&#250;j&#237;tj&#225;k &#8212; vagy megsz&#252;ntetik. Ez&#250;ttal n&#233;gy egym&#225;st k&#246;vet&#337; k&#233;tharmad &#233;s tizenhat korm&#225;nyzati &#233;v ut&#225;n a szerz&#337;d&#233;st felmondt&#225;k: a v&#225;llalat s&#250;lyos veres&#233;get szenvedett, &#233;s ellenz&#233;kbe ker&#252;lt. Az itt elemzett kongresszusi besz&#233;d az, amit a vez&#233;rigazgat&#243; k&#246;zvetlen&#252;l ezut&#225;n a r&#233;szv&#233;nyeseknek mondott. Ez az &#233;ves besz&#225;mol&#243;, amely a v&#225;llalat t&#246;rt&#233;net&#233;nek legrosszabb &#233;ve ut&#225;n sz&#252;letett.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">K&#246;sz&#246;n&#246;m, hogy olvasod a Critical Hungaryt! Iratkozz fel ingyenesen, hogy megkapd az &#250;j &#237;r&#225;sokat, elemz&#233;seket &#233;s t&#225;mogasd a munk&#225;mat.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>A sorozat egyik kor&#225;bbi tanulm&#225;nya amellett &#233;rvelt, hogy egy stabil, de alulteljes&#237;t&#337; &#8220;vez&#233;rigazgat&#243;t&#8221; (korm&#225;nyf&#337;t) egy metaforikus piros lappal kellene ki&#225;ll&#237;tani, ugyan&#250;gy ahogyan az aktivista befektet&#337;k is t&#225;voz&#225;sra k&#233;nyszer&#237;tik azt a menedzsmentet, amely egy &#233;vtizeden &#225;t lemarad a szektor&#225;t&#243;l. Err&#337;l &#237;rtam a <a href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/would-you-red-card-your-ceo">Would You Red Card Your CEO? Beyond Stability &#8212; Benchmarking Orb&#225;n&#8217;s Government Against Its Regional Peers</a> c&#237;m&#369; tanulm&#225;nyban. Az &#237;r&#225;s nyom&#225;n egy olvas&#243;i k&#233;rd&#233;s &#233;rkezett: <em>k&#233;sz&#237;ts hibaelemz&#233;st &#8212; hogyan jutott id&#225;ig a v&#225;llalat</em>? Ez a tanulm&#225;ny &#233;ppen ezt a k&#233;rd&#233;st feszegeti: nem futtatja le &#250;jra az &#246;sszehasonl&#237;t&#243; gazdas&#225;gi adatokat, hanem azt a hibaelemz&#233;st vizsg&#225;lja, amelyet maga a vez&#233;rigazgat&#243; adott el&#337;, &#233;s azt k&#233;rdezi, meg&#252;ti-e azt a m&#233;rc&#233;t, amelyet b&#225;rmely igazgat&#243;s&#225;g elv&#225;rna egy ekkora kudarc ut&#225;ni ut&#243;elemz&#233;st&#337;l.</p><p>Van egy konkr&#233;t, el&#337;zetes elv&#225;r&#225;s, amelyet tesztelhet&#252;nk. <span>Egy kor&#225;bbi, a politikai m&#225;rka&#233;p&#237;t&#233;sr&#337;l sz&#243;l&#243; &#237;r&#225;s egy mechanizmust v&#225;zolt fel: amikor az alapterm&#233;k meginog, a kommunik&#225;ci&#243; egyre hangosabb&#225; v&#225;lik, hogy ezt ellens&#250;lyozza &#8212; err&#337;l sz&#243;l a </span><a href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/orban-wins-like-a-brand-the-opposition">The Politics of Persuasion: Strategic Branding in Hungary's Electoral Landscape</a><span> c&#237;m&#369; &#237;r&#225;s. </span>A 2026-os veres&#233;gbesz&#233;d a term&#233;szetes k&#237;s&#233;rlet. A term&#233;k imm&#225;r kimutathat&#243;an megbukott &#8212; a v&#225;llalat elvesz&#237;tette a mand&#225;tum&#225;t. Vajon a menedzsment e verdikttel szembes&#252;lve v&#233;gre a term&#233;k vizsg&#225;lat&#225;hoz fordul? Vagy ink&#225;bb m&#233;g t&#246;bb kommunik&#225;ci&#243;hoz ny&#250;l? Vagy ez m&#225;r a Fidesz Nyrt. halotti besz&#233;de?</p><div id="youtube2-MPxE42A2usM" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;MPxE42A2usM&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/MPxE42A2usM?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><div><hr></div><h6><strong>02</strong></h6><h3><strong>Keret &#233;s m&#243;dszertan</strong></h3><p>Az els&#337;dleges n&#233;z&#337;pont sz&#225;nd&#233;kosan &#252;zleti: a marketingmix n&#233;gy P-je, egy p&#225;rtra alkalmazva. A <em>Term&#233;k </em>(Product) az aj&#225;nlat, amelyet a v&#225;llalat k&#237;n&#225;l &#233;s teljes&#237;t &#8212; a szakpolitikai program, a korm&#225;nyzati teljes&#237;tm&#233;ny, a vezet&#337;k &#233;s jel&#246;ltek, valamint a m&#225;rkaidentit&#225;s. Az <em>&#193;r </em>(Price) az a nem p&#233;nzbeli k&#246;lts&#233;g, amelyet a szavaz&#243; a v&#225;laszt&#225;s&#225;&#233;rt fizet &#8212; ad&#243;k, ideol&#243;giai t&#225;vols&#225;g, &#233;szlelt kock&#225;zat &#233;s a tett &#237;g&#233;retek. A <em>Hely </em>(Place)<em> </em>a disztrib&#250;ci&#243; &#233;s az el&#233;r&#233;s &#8212; a m&#233;diacsatorn&#225;k, a terepszervezet, a digit&#225;lis jelenl&#233;t. A <em>Prom&#243;ci&#243; </em>(Promotion) maga a kommunik&#225;ci&#243;. A keret az&#233;rt hasznos, mert sz&#233;tv&#225;lasztja azt a k&#233;t dolgot, amelyet a k&#246;znapi politikai komment&#225;r &#246;sszemos: annak b&#237;r&#225;lat&#225;t, <em>amit a v&#225;llalat k&#237;n&#225;l</em>, &#233;s annak b&#237;r&#225;lat&#225;t, <em>ahogyan ezt az aj&#225;nlatot &#233;rt&#233;kes&#237;ti.</em></p><p>A besz&#233;det 252 mondat szint&#369; &#225;ll&#237;t&#225;sra bontottuk; mindegyik egy domin&#225;ns P-k&#243;dot kapott, a nem &#233;rdemi anyagra (k&#246;sz&#246;nt&#233;sek, &#252;gyrendi mondatok, sz&#225;moz&#225;s, taps) pedig k&#252;l&#246;n kateg&#243;ria szolg&#225;lt. Mivel a forr&#225;s id&#337;b&#233;lyegzett &#225;tirat, a figyelmet h&#225;rom m&#243;don is m&#233;rj&#252;k &#8212; eml&#237;t&#233;sek, szavak &#233;s a besz&#233;did&#337; m&#225;sodpercei szerint. Ezut&#225;n h&#225;rom tov&#225;bbi dimenzi&#243;t k&#243;doltunk: egy <em>mi/&#337;k </em>c&#237;mk&#233;t; egy <em>valencia</em>-c&#237;mk&#233;t (a saj&#225;t oldalr&#243;l pozit&#237;v, &#246;nkritikus/negat&#237;v, vagy az ellenf&#233;l elleni t&#225;mad&#225;s); &#233;s &#8212; a veres&#233;get kifejezetten magyar&#225;z&#243; &#225;ll&#237;t&#225;sok r&#233;szhalmaz&#225;n bel&#252;l &#8212; az okok attrib&#250;ci&#243;j&#225;t  (bels&#337; vagy k&#252;ls&#337;) &#233;s <em>m&#233;lys&#233;g&#233;t</em> (v&#233;grehajt&#225;s, teljes&#237;t&#233;s vagy l&#233;nyeg). A teljes vizsg&#225;lati alap, a lefedetts&#233;g &#233;s az &#225;ll&#237;t&#225;sonk&#233;nti adatok a mell&#233;kelt m&#243;dszertani adatlapon tal&#225;lhat&#243;k.</p><p>H&#225;rom megk&#246;t&#233;s keretezi a k&#246;vetkez&#337;ket. A k&#243;dol&#225;s &#233;rtelmez&#337; munka: egy m&#225;sik k&#243;dol&#243; n&#233;h&#225;ny &#225;ll&#237;t&#225;st m&#225;shov&#225; sorolna, az &#246;sszk&#233;p azonban stabil marad. Ez egyetlen sz&#246;veg elemz&#233;se &#8212; az adatok egyetlen besz&#233;d le&#237;r&#243; ar&#225;nyai, nem mintav&#233;telen alapul&#243; becsl&#233;sek &#8212;, ez&#233;rt statisztikai k&#246;vetkeztet&#233;st nem vonunk le.</p><div><hr></div><h6><strong>03</strong></h6><h3><strong>Mire figyel a besz&#233;d?</strong></h3><p>Besz&#233;did&#337; szerint egy kateg&#243;ria domin&#225;l. <em>A term&#233;k</em> &#8212; a teljes&#237;tm&#233;ny, az &#233;rt&#233;kek, az &#225;tszervez&#233;s, a vezet&#233;s &#8212; az &#246;sszes &#233;rdemi besz&#233;did&#337; nagyj&#225;b&#243;l k&#233;tharmad&#225;t teszi ki. Naivan olvasva ez &#250;gy fest, mintha a v&#225;llalat hosszasan &#246;nvizsg&#225;latot tartana. Ez az olvasat abban a pillanatban &#246;sszeomlik, amint a figyelmet a <em>valencia</em> szerint s&#250;lyozzuk, &#233;s az <em>oks&#225;gi</em> (kauz&#225;lis<em>)</em> szakaszon bel&#252;l helyezz&#252;k el.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a0O1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1347930b-1c1e-4c00-89ed-b6b35bf7cb76_1038x503.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a0O1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1347930b-1c1e-4c00-89ed-b6b35bf7cb76_1038x503.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a0O1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1347930b-1c1e-4c00-89ed-b6b35bf7cb76_1038x503.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a0O1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1347930b-1c1e-4c00-89ed-b6b35bf7cb76_1038x503.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a0O1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1347930b-1c1e-4c00-89ed-b6b35bf7cb76_1038x503.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a0O1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1347930b-1c1e-4c00-89ed-b6b35bf7cb76_1038x503.png" width="1038" height="503" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>1. &#225;bra &#8212; Az eml&#237;t&#233;sek ar&#225;nya &#233;s a besz&#233;did&#337; ar&#225;nya kateg&#243;ri&#225;nk&#233;nt. A k&#233;t m&#233;r&#233;s egybecseng, kiv&#233;ve a r&#246;vid, szertart&#225;sos marad&#233;kot.</p></div><div><hr></div><p><strong>A veres&#233;g t&#237;z megnevezett oka</strong></p><p>Az elemz&#233;s szempontj&#225;b&#243;l d&#246;nt&#337; r&#233;sz sz&#369;kebb, mint a teljes besz&#233;d: a veres&#233;g t&#237;z felsorolt oka. Itt a term&#233;k &#8212; nagy &#246;sszidej&#233;t&#337;l f&#252;ggetlen&#252;l &#8212; szinte elt&#369;nik mint <em>ok</em>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LSd4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee0b21fc-8310-4c58-a3b2-2f3198e9e35f_958x243.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LSd4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee0b21fc-8310-4c58-a3b2-2f3198e9e35f_958x243.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LSd4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee0b21fc-8310-4c58-a3b2-2f3198e9e35f_958x243.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LSd4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee0b21fc-8310-4c58-a3b2-2f3198e9e35f_958x243.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LSd4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee0b21fc-8310-4c58-a3b2-2f3198e9e35f_958x243.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LSd4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee0b21fc-8310-4c58-a3b2-2f3198e9e35f_958x243.png" width="958" height="243" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ee0b21fc-8310-4c58-a3b2-2f3198e9e35f_958x243.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:243,&quot;width&quot;:958,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:49673,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/i/208540511?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee0b21fc-8310-4c58-a3b2-2f3198e9e35f_958x243.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LSd4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee0b21fc-8310-4c58-a3b2-2f3198e9e35f_958x243.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LSd4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee0b21fc-8310-4c58-a3b2-2f3198e9e35f_958x243.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LSd4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee0b21fc-8310-4c58-a3b2-2f3198e9e35f_958x243.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LSd4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee0b21fc-8310-4c58-a3b2-2f3198e9e35f_958x243.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>2. &#225;bra &#8212; A veres&#233;g t&#237;z felsorolt ok&#225;b&#243;l egy sz&#243;l a term&#233;kr&#337;l; a term&#233;ket sosem nevezi rossznak.</p></div><p>A <strong>t&#237;z pontb&#243;l h&#233;t a kamp&#225;ny v&#233;grehajt&#225;s&#225;r&#243;l sz&#243;l</strong> &#8212; az &#252;zenetr&#337;l &#233;s a csatorn&#225;kr&#243;l (ami egy&#225;ltal&#225;n nem v&#233;letlen, hiszen n&#233;h&#225;ny &#233;vnyi meggy&#337;z&#233;sre &#233;p&#252;l&#337; m&#225;rka&#233;p&#237;t&#233;s ut&#225;n Orb&#225;n kommunik&#225;ci&#243;ja propagand&#225;v&#225; kem&#233;nyedett &#8212; err&#337;l b&#337;vebben &#237;rtam itt: <a href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/beyond-branding-us-vs-them">Beyond Branding: Us vs. Them Orb&#225;n&#8217;s Shift from Persuasion to Friend&#8211;Enemy Propaganda</a>). Egy az <em>&#193;rr&#243;l</em>. Pontosan egy a <em>Term&#233;kr&#337;l</em> &#8212; &#233;s az sem nevezi rossznak az aj&#225;nlatot; azt mondja, a n&#246;veked&#233;s elmaradt, ezt f&#337;k&#233;nt a h&#225;bor&#250;ra &#233;s Br&#252;sszelre h&#225;r&#237;tja, a p&#225;rt c&#233;lzott int&#233;zked&#233;seit pedig sikerk&#233;nt v&#233;di.</p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zCVt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F73f81a64-9e06-43dd-a1ab-99066fba96c8_1320x789.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zCVt!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F73f81a64-9e06-43dd-a1ab-99066fba96c8_1320x789.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zCVt!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F73f81a64-9e06-43dd-a1ab-99066fba96c8_1320x789.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zCVt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F73f81a64-9e06-43dd-a1ab-99066fba96c8_1320x789.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zCVt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F73f81a64-9e06-43dd-a1ab-99066fba96c8_1320x789.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zCVt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F73f81a64-9e06-43dd-a1ab-99066fba96c8_1320x789.png" width="728" height="435.1454545454545" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/73f81a64-9e06-43dd-a1ab-99066fba96c8_1320x789.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:789,&quot;width&quot;:1320,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:728,&quot;bytes&quot;:136021,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/i/208540511?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F73f81a64-9e06-43dd-a1ab-99066fba96c8_1320x789.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zCVt!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F73f81a64-9e06-43dd-a1ab-99066fba96c8_1320x789.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zCVt!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F73f81a64-9e06-43dd-a1ab-99066fba96c8_1320x789.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zCVt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F73f81a64-9e06-43dd-a1ab-99066fba96c8_1320x789.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zCVt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F73f81a64-9e06-43dd-a1ab-99066fba96c8_1320x789.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h3><strong>A teljes diagn&#243;zisban a v&#225;llalat egyetlen egyszer sem nevezi meg a szakpolitik&#225;j&#225;t, a teljes&#237;tm&#233;ny&#233;t, a vezet&#233;s&#233;t vagy a tizenhat &#233;ves korm&#225;nyz&#225;s&#225;t a veres&#233;g okak&#233;nt.</strong></h3><div><hr></div><h6><strong>04</strong></h6><h3><strong>Mi &#233;s &#337;k: mir&#337;l sz&#243;l a besz&#233;d</strong></h3><p>A veres&#233;gbesz&#233;d &#8212; nem meglep&#337; m&#243;don &#8212; t&#250;lnyom&#243;r&#233;szt befel&#233; fordul: a besz&#233;did&#337; mintegy 60%-a &#8222;mi&#8221;, mintegy 15%-a &#8222;&#337;k&#8221;. A kifel&#233; mutat&#243; anyag azonban nem egyenletesen oszlik el; k&#233;t regiszterben s&#369;r&#369;s&#246;dik, &#233;s a sz&#233;tv&#225;l&#225;s szinte tiszta.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GF2B!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F328c61ca-b3d1-4fb9-a64a-1f93765c3082_1103x487.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GF2B!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F328c61ca-b3d1-4fb9-a64a-1f93765c3082_1103x487.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GF2B!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F328c61ca-b3d1-4fb9-a64a-1f93765c3082_1103x487.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GF2B!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F328c61ca-b3d1-4fb9-a64a-1f93765c3082_1103x487.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GF2B!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F328c61ca-b3d1-4fb9-a64a-1f93765c3082_1103x487.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GF2B!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F328c61ca-b3d1-4fb9-a64a-1f93765c3082_1103x487.png" width="1103" height="487" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/328c61ca-b3d1-4fb9-a64a-1f93765c3082_1103x487.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:487,&quot;width&quot;:1103,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:76838,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/i/208540511?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F328c61ca-b3d1-4fb9-a64a-1f93765c3082_1103x487.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GF2B!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F328c61ca-b3d1-4fb9-a64a-1f93765c3082_1103x487.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GF2B!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F328c61ca-b3d1-4fb9-a64a-1f93765c3082_1103x487.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GF2B!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F328c61ca-b3d1-4fb9-a64a-1f93765c3082_1103x487.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GF2B!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F328c61ca-b3d1-4fb9-a64a-1f93765c3082_1103x487.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>3. &#225;bra &#8212; Mi / &#337;k / mindkett&#337; az egyes marketingmix-P-k szerint, besz&#233;did&#337; alapj&#225;n. Az aj&#225;nlatot <em>&#8222;mi"</em>-k&#233;nt t&#225;rgyalja, a k&#246;lts&#233;get &#233;s a t&#225;mad&#225;st <em>&#8222;&#337;k"</em>-k&#233;nt.</p></div><p>Amikor a v&#225;llalat a term&#233;k&#233;r&#337;l besz&#233;l, mag&#225;r&#243;l besz&#233;l (92% &#8222;mi&#8221;). Amikor a <em>k&#246;lts&#233;gr&#337;l</em> &#233;s a <em>kock&#225;zatr&#243;l</em> (&#193;r), vagy amikor <em>t&#225;mad&#225;sba</em> megy &#225;t (Prom&#243;ci&#243;), az ellenf&#233;lr&#337;l besz&#233;l (77%, illetve 59% &#8222;&#337;k&#8221;). A minta vil&#225;gos: &#246;nmagunkat jellemezz&#252;k, amikor az aj&#225;nlatr&#243;l van sz&#243;, a<span>z ellenfelet pedig akkor, amikor a k&#246;lts&#233;g, a kock&#225;zat &#233;s a magatart&#225;s </span>ker&#252;l sz&#243;ba<span>.</span></p><div><hr></div><h6><strong>05</strong></h6><h3><strong>Dics&#233;ret &#233;s b&#237;r&#225;lat: az &#246;nmag&#225;r&#243;l sz&#243;l&#243; besz&#233;d el&#337;jele</strong></h3><p>A leg&#225;rulkod&#243;bb metszet a <em>valencia</em> &#8212; &#233;s ez bor&#237;tja fel a naiv olvasatot. Amikor a v&#225;llalat a saj&#225;t term&#233;k&#233;r&#337;l besz&#233;l, vizsg&#225;lja azt, vagy v&#233;di?</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z0J8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc161d622-9604-4282-b6a3-3938f6da42c6_1078x476.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z0J8!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc161d622-9604-4282-b6a3-3938f6da42c6_1078x476.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z0J8!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc161d622-9604-4282-b6a3-3938f6da42c6_1078x476.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z0J8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc161d622-9604-4282-b6a3-3938f6da42c6_1078x476.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z0J8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc161d622-9604-4282-b6a3-3938f6da42c6_1078x476.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z0J8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc161d622-9604-4282-b6a3-3938f6da42c6_1078x476.png" width="1078" height="476" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c161d622-9604-4282-b6a3-3938f6da42c6_1078x476.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:476,&quot;width&quot;:1078,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:63514,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/i/208540511?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc161d622-9604-4282-b6a3-3938f6da42c6_1078x476.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z0J8!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc161d622-9604-4282-b6a3-3938f6da42c6_1078x476.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z0J8!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc161d622-9604-4282-b6a3-3938f6da42c6_1078x476.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z0J8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc161d622-9604-4282-b6a3-3938f6da42c6_1078x476.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z0J8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc161d622-9604-4282-b6a3-3938f6da42c6_1078x476.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>4. &#225;bra &#8212; Pozit&#237;v &#233;s negat&#237;v &#246;nmag&#225;r&#243;l sz&#243;l&#243; besz&#233;d, a besz&#233;did&#337; m&#225;sodperceiben. A term&#233;ket v&#233;di, az &#246;nkritik&#225;t a <em>Hely</em> (Place) &#233;s a <em>Prom&#243;ci&#243;</em> (Promotion) viszi, az <em>&#193;rat</em> (Price) pedig sosem hib&#225;ztatja.</p></div><p>A term&#233;k a <em>v&#233;d&#337;besz&#233;d kirakata</em>: az aj&#225;nlatr&#243;l sz&#243;l&#243; &#246;njellemz&#233;s t&#246;bb mint k&#233;tszer annyira dics&#233;r&#337;, mint &#246;nkritikus &#8212; teljes&#237;tm&#233;ny-&#252;nnepl&#233;s, az &#233;rt&#233;kek meger&#337;s&#237;t&#233;se, a feddhetetlens&#233;g v&#233;delme. A term&#233;kre ford&#237;tott besz&#233;did&#337; k&#233;tharmada t&#250;lnyom&#243;r&#233;szt az aj&#225;nlat v&#233;delme, nem a vizsg&#225;lata. Az <em>&#193;rat egy&#225;ltal&#225;n nem hib&#225;ztatja</em>. A <em>Hely &#233;s a Prom&#243;ci&#243; a gy&#243;ntat&#243;f&#252;lke </em>&#8212; de az itteni &#246;nkritika csek&#233;ly terjedelm&#369;, a <em>Prom&#243;ci&#243; besz&#233;didej&#233;t pedig nem az &#246;nvizsg&#225;lat, hanem az ellenf&#233;l t&#225;mad&#225;sa uralja</em>.</p><div><hr></div><h6><strong>06</strong></h6><h3><strong>Az attrib&#250;ci&#243; &#233;s a m&#233;lys&#233;g: a ments&#233;g anat&#243;mi&#225;ja</strong></h3><p>Ha az oks&#225;gi (kauz&#225;lis) r&#233;szhalmazt aszerint k&#243;doljuk, hogy hov&#225; helyezi a hib&#225;t &#233;s milyen t&#237;pus&#250; hib&#225;r&#243;l van sz&#243;, teljess&#233; v&#225;lik a k&#233;p.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ncnA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde18acf2-be23-4db8-ac83-969dbc77d5c6_1177x377.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ncnA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde18acf2-be23-4db8-ac83-969dbc77d5c6_1177x377.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ncnA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde18acf2-be23-4db8-ac83-969dbc77d5c6_1177x377.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ncnA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde18acf2-be23-4db8-ac83-969dbc77d5c6_1177x377.png 1272w, 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ncnA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde18acf2-be23-4db8-ac83-969dbc77d5c6_1177x377.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ncnA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde18acf2-be23-4db8-ac83-969dbc77d5c6_1177x377.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ncnA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde18acf2-be23-4db8-ac83-969dbc77d5c6_1177x377.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ncnA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde18acf2-be23-4db8-ac83-969dbc77d5c6_1177x377.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>5. &#225;bra &#8212; Az okok tulajdon&#237;t&#225;sa (szavak szerint) &#233;s m&#233;lys&#233;ge az &#246;nmag&#225;nak tulajdon&#237;tott okok k&#246;z&#246;tt. A k&#252;ls&#337; h&#225;r&#237;t&#225;s ~34%; a l&#233;nyegi hib&#225;k adj&#225;k a legkisebb h&#225;nyadot.</p></div><p>A veres&#233;g magyar&#225;zat&#225;nak minden &#246;t szav&#225;b&#243;l kett&#337; a &#8220;v&#225;llalaton&#8221; k&#237;v&#252;lre helyezi az okot &#8212; a h&#225;bor&#250;ra, Br&#252;sszelre, az algoritmusokra, az ellenf&#233;lre. A menedzsment &#225;ltal <em>felv&#225;llalt okok</em> t&#250;lnyom&#243; t&#246;bbs&#233;ge pedig a v&#233;grehajt&#225;sr&#243;l sz&#243;l, nem a l&#233;nyegr&#337;l. A v&#233;kony &#8222;l&#233;nyegi&#8221; szelet r&#225;ad&#225;sul gyeng&#233;bb, mint amilyennek l&#225;tszik: k&#233;t &#225;ll&#237;t&#225;s azt ismeri el, hogy a szavaz&#243;k <em>elutas&#237;tott&#225;k az aj&#225;nlatot</em> &#8212; <em>nem azt, hogy az aj&#225;nlat rossz volt</em> &#8212;; egy er&#233;nyk&#233;nt keretezi a t&#250;l&#237;g&#233;r&#233;s elutas&#237;t&#225;s&#225;t; az egyetlen egy&#233;rtelm&#369; l&#233;nyegi b&#237;r&#225;lat pedig az <em>&#252;zenetre</em> vonatkozik, nem az aj&#225;nlatra.</p><p><strong>A lefedetts&#233;gi m&#225;trix</strong></p><p>Ha a marketingmix n&#233;gy P-t aszerint &#225;ll&#237;tjuk szembe, hogy a diagn&#243;zis melyiket hogyan kezeli, l&#225;that&#243;v&#225; v&#225;lik a hi&#225;nyz&#243; l&#225;ncszem: egy cella &#252;resen marad.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><ol start="6"><li><p>&#225;bra &#8212; Az oks&#225;gi &#225;ll&#237;t&#225;sok lefedetts&#233;gi m&#225;trixa (darabsz&#225;m). A &#8222;term&#233;k mint elismert l&#233;nyegi hiba&#8221; cella &#252;res; a m&#225;rka egy&#225;ltal&#225;n nem termel oks&#225;gi &#225;ll&#237;t&#225;st.</p></li></ol></div><p>Az a cella, amely r&#246;gz&#237;ten&#233; annak l&#233;nyegi elismer&#233;s&#233;t, hogy a term&#233;k rossz volt, &#252;res. A m&#225;rka &#233;s a h&#237;rn&#233;v egy&#225;ltal&#225;n meg sem jelenik, mert nem termel oks&#225;gi &#225;ll&#237;t&#225;st: az egyetlen &#337;szinte reflexi&#243; a m&#225;rk&#225;ra &#8212; hogy tizenhat korm&#225;nyzati &#233;v fegyelmezett, hideg, &#8222;szinte katonai&#8221; g&#233;pezett&#233; form&#225;lta a p&#225;rtot &#8212; az &#225;tszervez&#233;s indokl&#225;sa al&#225; van sorolva, sosem a veres&#233;g okai k&#246;z&#233;.</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>A &#8222;v&#225;llalatvezet&#337;&#8221; hosszan &#233;s &#225;t&#233;l&#233;ssel besz&#233;l szinte mindenr&#337;l, kiv&#233;ve arr&#243;l, hogy van-e m&#233;g ig&#233;ny arra, amit &#225;rult.</strong></h3><div><hr></div><h6><strong>07</strong></h6><h3><strong>Az audit: a poszt-mortem elemz&#233;s oszt&#225;lyz&#225;sa</strong></h3><p>T&#233;rj&#252;nk vissza a r&#233;szv&#233;nyesi kerethez. Egy igazgat&#243;s&#225;g, amely a vez&#233;rigazgat&#243; besz&#225;mol&#243;j&#225;t olvassa egy katasztrof&#225;lis &#233;vr&#337;l, n&#233;h&#225;ny pr&#243;b&#225;t alkalmaz. A tartalomelemz&#233;s mindegyikre v&#225;laszt ad, &#233;s a v&#225;laszok k&#246;vetkezetesek.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hU5-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F498346b8-3cd2-4cbd-8ab2-119b2c8df21a_1440x775.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hU5-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F498346b8-3cd2-4cbd-8ab2-119b2c8df21a_1440x775.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hU5-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F498346b8-3cd2-4cbd-8ab2-119b2c8df21a_1440x775.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hU5-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F498346b8-3cd2-4cbd-8ab2-119b2c8df21a_1440x775.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hU5-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F498346b8-3cd2-4cbd-8ab2-119b2c8df21a_1440x775.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hU5-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F498346b8-3cd2-4cbd-8ab2-119b2c8df21a_1440x775.png" width="1440" height="775" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/498346b8-3cd2-4cbd-8ab2-119b2c8df21a_1440x775.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:775,&quot;width&quot;:1440,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:174791,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/i/208540511?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F498346b8-3cd2-4cbd-8ab2-119b2c8df21a_1440x775.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hU5-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F498346b8-3cd2-4cbd-8ab2-119b2c8df21a_1440x775.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hU5-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F498346b8-3cd2-4cbd-8ab2-119b2c8df21a_1440x775.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hU5-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F498346b8-3cd2-4cbd-8ab2-119b2c8df21a_1440x775.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hU5-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F498346b8-3cd2-4cbd-8ab2-119b2c8df21a_1440x775.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>A Wikip&#233;dia szerint az Argyris-f&#233;le szakad&#233;k a <em>vallott elm&#233;let</em> (espoused theory) &#233;s a <em>t&#233;nylegesen alkalmazott elm&#233;let</em> (theory-in-use) k&#246;z&#246;tti ellent&#233;tet jel&#246;li. Chris Argyris professzor szerint ez a szakad&#233;k azt mutatja, hogy az emberek &#233;s a szervezetek gyakran m&#225;st mondanak a c&#233;ljaikr&#243;l &#233;s &#233;rt&#233;keikr&#337;l, mint amit a val&#243;di cselekedeteik t&#252;kr&#246;znek. Ebben az esetben az Argyris-szakad&#233;k m&#233;rhet&#337;v&#233; v&#225;lik: a besz&#233;d al&#225;zatot &#233;s felel&#337;ss&#233;get hirdet, mik&#246;zben a k&#243;dolt viselked&#233;s k&#233;tszeresen v&#233;di a term&#233;ket, a hib&#225;ztat&#225;s k&#233;t&#246;t&#246;d&#233;t pedig kifel&#233; ir&#225;ny&#237;tja. A fordulat pedig Kotter-k&#233;rd&#233;s: az &#225;tszervez&#233;s a m&#369;k&#246;d&#233;si kult&#250;r&#225;t &#233;s a szervezeti &#225;br&#225;t v&#225;ltoztatja meg, nem az aj&#225;nlatot vagy a strat&#233;gi&#225;t. Azaz a menedzsment a gy&#225;rat jav&#237;tja, nem a term&#233;ket.</p><p><strong>Hol &#225;ll val&#243;j&#225;ban a v&#225;llalat</strong></p><p>A keret, amely a v&#225;llalat felemelked&#233;s&#233;t magyar&#225;zza, a szorult helyzet&#233;t is elhelyezi. Egy vesztes korm&#225;nyp&#225;rtnak az egyik vagy a m&#225;sik tengellyel szembe kell n&#233;znie ahhoz, hogy &#337;szint&#233;n diagnosztiz&#225;lja mag&#225;t.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GmE3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fc6bad8-43ce-442d-be51-e78d1ca6e36b_992x533.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GmE3!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fc6bad8-43ce-442d-be51-e78d1ca6e36b_992x533.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GmE3!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fc6bad8-43ce-442d-be51-e78d1ca6e36b_992x533.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GmE3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fc6bad8-43ce-442d-be51-e78d1ca6e36b_992x533.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GmE3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fc6bad8-43ce-442d-be51-e78d1ca6e36b_992x533.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GmE3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fc6bad8-43ce-442d-be51-e78d1ca6e36b_992x533.png" width="992" height="533" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6fc6bad8-43ce-442d-be51-e78d1ca6e36b_992x533.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:533,&quot;width&quot;:992,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:113706,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/i/208540511?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fc6bad8-43ce-442d-be51-e78d1ca6e36b_992x533.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GmE3!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fc6bad8-43ce-442d-be51-e78d1ca6e36b_992x533.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GmE3!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fc6bad8-43ce-442d-be51-e78d1ca6e36b_992x533.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GmE3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fc6bad8-43ce-442d-be51-e78d1ca6e36b_992x533.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GmE3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fc6bad8-43ce-442d-be51-e78d1ca6e36b_992x533.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>7. &#225;bra &#8212; M&#225;rkaer&#337; &#215; term&#233;kmin&#337;s&#233;g: a veres&#233;g n&#233;gy archet&#237;pusa. </p></div><p>A kongresszuson elhangzott elemz&#233;s egyik tengellyel sem n&#233;z szembe: a term&#233;ket sikerek egy&#252;ttesek&#233;nt v&#233;di, a m&#225;rka h&#237;rnev&#233;t pedig olyasminek tekinti, amit k&#237;v&#252;lr&#337;l tettek a v&#225;llalattal.</p><div><hr></div><h6><strong>08</strong></h6><h3><strong>A beigazol&#243;d&#243; j&#243;slat &#233;s a szemf&#233;nyveszt&#233;s</strong></h3><p>Id&#233;zz&#252;k fel a veres&#233;g el&#337;tt felv&#225;zolt mechanizmust: amikor a term&#233;k meginog, a kommunik&#225;ci&#243; egyre hangosabb&#225; v&#225;lik. A 2026-os besz&#233;d a pr&#243;ba, &#233;s tiszt&#225;n &#225;tmegy rajta. A <em>Term&#233;k</em> imm&#225;r a lehet&#337; legc&#225;folhatatlanabb m&#243;don megbukott &#8212; a v&#225;llalat elvesz&#237;tette a mand&#225;tum&#225;t &#8212;, a menedzsment v&#225;lasza pedig az, hogy k&#233;tszeres ar&#225;nyban v&#233;di a term&#233;ket, legnagyobb kifel&#233; ir&#225;nyul&#243; er&#337;fesz&#237;t&#233;s&#233;t pedig t&#225;mad&#243; kommunik&#225;ci&#243;ra &#246;sszpontos&#237;tja: az ellenf&#233;l vagyon&#225;ra, a luxusaut&#243;kra, a koncepci&#243;s perekre. Term&#233;kkudarccal szembes&#252;lve a v&#225;llalat t&#246;bb <em>Prom&#243;ci&#243;hoz</em> ny&#250;l, nem a term&#233;kkel val&#243; szemben&#233;z&#233;shez.</p><p>Ezt &#233;rtj&#252;k azon, amikor a modellt <em>szemf&#233;nyveszt&#337;nek</em> nevezz&#252;k. A szemf&#233;nyveszt&#233;s nem hazugs&#225;g; az a szok&#225;s, hogy egy l&#233;nyegi probl&#233;m&#225;t kommunik&#225;ci&#243;s probl&#233;mak&#233;nt kezel&#252;nk &#8212; abban b&#237;zva, hogy az, ahogyan egy dolgot bemutatnak, helyettes&#237;theti azt, ami a dolog val&#243;j&#225;ban. Tizenhat &#233;ven &#225;t kifizet&#337;d&#246;tt ez a szok&#225;s, m&#233;ghozz&#225; b&#337;s&#233;gesen: n&#233;gy k&#233;tharmadot nem gyenge kommunik&#225;torok nyernek, &#233;s hiba volna a mesters&#233;get puszta propagandak&#233;nt les&#246;p&#246;rni. &#193;m a <em>szemf&#233;nyveszt&#233;s</em> k&#233;tf&#233;lek&#233;ppen bukhat meg, &#233;s a besz&#233;d mindkett&#337;t megmutatja. Az els&#337;: <em>a tr&#252;kk megsz&#369;nik hatni a k&#246;z&#246;ns&#233;gre</em> &#8212; &#233;s &#233;pp ott mondott cs&#337;d&#246;t, ahol a <em>l&#225;tszatot</em> a legnehezebb megrendezni: a fiatalok k&#246;r&#233;ben &#233;s a digit&#225;lis t&#233;rben, amelynek elveszt&#233;s&#233;t a &#8220;v&#225;llalat&#8221; maga is elismeri. A m&#225;sodik, csendesebb &#233;s vesz&#233;lyesebb: <em>a szemf&#233;nyveszt&#337; kezdi elhinni a saj&#225;t tr&#252;kkj&#233;t</em> &#8212; az elbesz&#233;l&#233;ssel val&#243; korm&#225;nyz&#225;s &#233;vei ut&#225;n a g&#233;pezet m&#225;r nem tudja megk&#252;l&#246;nb&#246;ztetni a t&#246;rt&#233;netet a l&#233;nyegt&#337;l, ez&#233;rt nem l&#225;tja, hogy nem a bemutat&#225;s, hanem a term&#233;k bukott meg.</p><div><hr></div><h6><strong>09</strong></h6><h3><strong>K&#246;vetkeztet&#233;s</strong></h3><p>Annak alapj&#225;n meg&#237;t&#233;lve, ami val&#243;j&#225;ban &#8212; a vez&#233;rigazgat&#243; besz&#225;mol&#243;ja a r&#233;szv&#233;nyeseknek a v&#225;llalat t&#246;rt&#233;net&#233;nek legrosszabb eredm&#233;nye ut&#225;n &#8212;, ez a besz&#233;d hozz&#225;&#233;rt&#337;, s&#337;t helyenk&#233;nt &#337;szinte <em>kamp&#225;ny-ut&#243;elemz&#233;s</em>. Felv&#225;llalja a v&#233;grehajt&#225;si hib&#225;kat; a vez&#233;rigazgat&#243; szem&#233;lyes felel&#337;ss&#233;get v&#225;llal a strat&#233;giai t&#233;ved&#233;s&#233;rt; a meg&#250;j&#237;t&#225;s val&#243;di. De sosem vizsg&#225;lja meg a Term&#233;ket, sosem hib&#225;ztatja az &#193;rat, sosem ismeri el a m&#225;rk&#225;t, &#233;s a magyar&#225;zat minden &#246;t szav&#225;b&#243;l kett&#337;t kifel&#233; h&#225;r&#237;t. Az egyetlen dolgot, amelynek meg&#225;llap&#237;t&#225;s&#225;ra egy ut&#243;elemz&#233;s l&#233;tezik &#8212; hogy<em> vajon a v&#225;llalat m&#233;g mindig olyasmit gy&#225;rt-e, amit t&#233;nyleg akarnak az emberek</em> &#8212;, &#233;pp azt nem vizsg&#225;lja meg.</p><p>Ez a szemf&#233;nyveszt&#233;s &#225;ra, &#233;s k&#233;t r&#233;szletben &#233;rkezik. Az els&#337; maga a veres&#233;g: <em>el&#233;g sok&#225;ig korm&#225;nyozz elbesz&#233;l&#233;ssel, &#233;s a t&#246;rt&#233;net meg a l&#233;nyeg k&#246;z&#246;tti r&#233;s addig t&#225;gul, am&#237;g ott, ahol a legkev&#233;sb&#233; tudod megrendezni, be nem t&#246;r a val&#243;s&#225;g</em>. Az &#225;ll&#237;t&#225;s &#337;szinte v&#225;ltozata sz&#369;k &#8212; a szemf&#233;nyveszt&#233;s &#246;nmag&#225;ban nem okozta a veres&#233;get; a korm&#225;nyzati f&#225;radts&#225;g, egy &#252;t&#337;k&#233;pes kih&#237;v&#243; &#233;s a val&#243;s gazdas&#225;gi id&#337;j&#225;r&#225;s egyar&#225;nt szerepet j&#225;tszott. Amit a szemf&#233;nyveszt&#233;s tett: hagyta, hogy egy l&#233;nyegi probl&#233;ma kezeletlen&#252;l halmoz&#243;djon, &#233;s k&#233;sleltette a lesz&#225;mol&#225;st, am&#237;g a sz&#225;mla egyszerre &#233;rkezett meg. A m&#225;sodik r&#233;szlet az, amit ez a tanulm&#225;ny val&#243;ban m&#233;r: <em>a v&#225;llalat m&#233;g most sem tudja megnevezni a probl&#233;m&#225;t, pedig a sz&#225;ml&#225;t m&#225;r k&#233;zhez kapta. </em>A lehet&#337; legegy&#233;rtelm&#369;bb l&#233;nyegi &#237;t&#233;lettel &#8212; az elvesz&#237;tett mand&#225;tummal &#8212; a kez&#233;ben is m&#233;g mindig marketingkudarcot diagnosztiz&#225;l. </p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>A szemf&#233;nyveszt&#337; elkezdte elhinni a saj&#225;t tr&#252;kkj&#233;t, m&#225;rpedig egy c&#233;g, amely nem l&#225;tja, mi&#233;rt bukott meg, nem is tudja kijav&#237;tani azt, ami megbukott.</strong></h3><div><hr></div><p>Az, hogy egy ilyen dokumentum egy&#225;ltal&#225;n elhangozhat, &#233;s szerz&#337;je megtarthatja poz&#237;ci&#243;j&#225;t, nem egyetlen besz&#233;d furcsas&#225;ga. Ez egy olyan rendszer kisz&#225;m&#237;that&#243; term&#233;ke, amelyben a r&#233;szv&#233;nyesek n&#233;gy&#233;vente egyszer &#252;l&#233;seznek, az igazgat&#243;s&#225;g k&#233;zb&#337;l vez&#233;relt, a k&#246;nyvvizsg&#225;l&#243;kat figyelmen k&#237;v&#252;l hagyj&#225;k, &#233;s nincs visszah&#237;v&#225;si mechanizmus. Add a menedzsment kez&#233;be saj&#225;t kudarca t&#246;rt&#233;net&#233;nek kiz&#225;r&#243;lagos szerz&#337;s&#233;g&#233;t, &#233;s ezt a t&#246;rt&#233;netet fogja meg&#237;rni. A gy&#243;gy&#237;r nem egy jobb besz&#233;d, &#233;s nem egy jobb ill&#250;zi&#243;. A gy&#243;gy&#237;r az az elsz&#225;moltat&#225;si infrastrukt&#250;ra &#8212; k&#246;telez&#337; v&#225;llal&#225;sok, nyilv&#225;nos teljes&#237;tm&#233;ny, val&#243;di visszah&#237;v&#225;s &#8212;, amely r&#225;k&#233;nyszer&#237;ti a v&#225;llalatot, hogy r&#225;n&#233;zzen arra a tengelyre, amelyre nem sz&#237;vesen n&#233;zne. En&#233;lk&#252;l minden ut&#243;elemz&#233;s v&#233;gs&#337; soron sajt&#243;k&#246;zlem&#233;ny.</p><div><hr></div><h6><strong>M&#243;dszer &#233;s adatok</strong></h6><h6>Orb&#225;n Viktor 32. Fidesz-kongresszuson mondott besz&#233;d&#233;nek nyilv&#225;nos &#225;tirat&#225;t (~32 perc, 2 708 sz&#243;) 252 mondat szint&#369; &#225;ll&#237;t&#225;sra bontottuk, mindegyiket k&#243;dolva a marketing-P, a mi/&#337;k viszony&#237;t&#225;s &#233;s a valencia szerint; a veres&#233;get kifejezetten magyar&#225;z&#243; 34 &#225;ll&#237;t&#225;st emellett a tulajdon&#237;t&#225;s &#233;s a m&#233;lys&#233;g szerint is k&#243;doltuk. A besz&#233;did&#337;t az &#225;tirat id&#337;b&#233;lyegeib&#337;l sz&#225;rmaztattuk. Az &#225;br&#225;k egyetlen sz&#246;veg le&#237;r&#243; ar&#225;nyai, nem statisztikai minta; minden k&#243;dol&#225;s &#233;rtelmez&#337; jelleg&#369;, &#233;s teljes eg&#233;sz&#233;ben k&#246;zz&#233;t&#233;ve a mell&#233;kelt m&#243;dszertani adatlapon &#233;s a mesterk&#243;dt&#225;bl&#225;ban, &#250;jraelemz&#233;sre nyitottan. Munkaanyag a Red Card sorozatban.</h6><div><hr></div><h6>F&#252;ggel&#233;k:</h6><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4b98!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb55069d8-bd05-4c2f-9f9f-1e0ebaeec96b_1456x718.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4b98!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb55069d8-bd05-4c2f-9f9f-1e0ebaeec96b_1456x718.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4b98!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb55069d8-bd05-4c2f-9f9f-1e0ebaeec96b_1456x718.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4b98!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb55069d8-bd05-4c2f-9f9f-1e0ebaeec96b_1456x718.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4b98!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb55069d8-bd05-4c2f-9f9f-1e0ebaeec96b_1456x718.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4b98!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb55069d8-bd05-4c2f-9f9f-1e0ebaeec96b_1456x718.png" width="1456" height="718" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4b98!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb55069d8-bd05-4c2f-9f9f-1e0ebaeec96b_1456x718.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4b98!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb55069d8-bd05-4c2f-9f9f-1e0ebaeec96b_1456x718.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4b98!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb55069d8-bd05-4c2f-9f9f-1e0ebaeec96b_1456x718.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4b98!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb55069d8-bd05-4c2f-9f9f-1e0ebaeec96b_1456x718.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0zOo!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7a11b83-775d-4b00-af23-bddcb969a39d_1456x500.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0zOo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7a11b83-775d-4b00-af23-bddcb969a39d_1456x500.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0zOo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7a11b83-775d-4b00-af23-bddcb969a39d_1456x500.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0zOo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7a11b83-775d-4b00-af23-bddcb969a39d_1456x500.png" width="1456" height="500" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p><em>Nem &#233;rtesz egyet? Remek. Nem az&#233;rt &#237;rok, hogy igazam legyen &#8212; az&#233;rt &#237;rok, hogy pr&#243;b&#225;ra tegyenek. Hozd a &#8222;tizedik ember&#8221; n&#233;z&#337;pontodat, a leg&#233;lesebb ellen&#233;rvedet, vagy ak&#225;r egy csendes k&#233;telyt. N&#233;ha az a leghasznosabb kritika, amelyik a saj&#225;t gondolkod&#225;somat billenti ki.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Ne feledd, iratkozz fel a tov&#225;bbi Critical Hungary elemz&#233;sek&#233;rt!</em></p><div><hr></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">K&#246;sz&#246;n&#246;m, hogy olvasod a Critical Hungaryt! Iratkozz fel ingyenesen, hogy megkapd az &#250;j &#237;r&#225;sokat, elemz&#233;seket &#233;s t&#225;mogasd a munk&#225;mat.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share Critical Hungary&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share Critical Hungary</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/egy-veresegbeszed-korbonctana-a-fidesz/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/egy-veresegbeszed-korbonctana-a-fidesz/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Vezetői kultúra, amely visszahúz]]></title><description><![CDATA[Magyar val&#243;s&#225;g diagn&#243;zisa a szervezeti diszfunkci&#243; szem&#252;veg&#233;n kereszt&#252;l]]></description><link>https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/vezetoi-kultura-amely-visszahuz</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/vezetoi-kultura-amely-visszahuz</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Zoltán Bodó]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 26 Jul 2026 11:34:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8zU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f24c396-594f-4143-8511-c448df0bcba4_1080x720.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8zU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f24c396-594f-4143-8511-c448df0bcba4_1080x720.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8zU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f24c396-594f-4143-8511-c448df0bcba4_1080x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8zU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f24c396-594f-4143-8511-c448df0bcba4_1080x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8zU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f24c396-594f-4143-8511-c448df0bcba4_1080x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8zU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f24c396-594f-4143-8511-c448df0bcba4_1080x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8zU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f24c396-594f-4143-8511-c448df0bcba4_1080x720.jpeg" width="1080" height="720" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4f24c396-594f-4143-8511-c448df0bcba4_1080x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:27625,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;brown game pieces on white surface&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="brown game pieces on white surface" title="brown game pieces on white surface" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8zU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f24c396-594f-4143-8511-c448df0bcba4_1080x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8zU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f24c396-594f-4143-8511-c448df0bcba4_1080x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8zU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f24c396-594f-4143-8511-c448df0bcba4_1080x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8zU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f24c396-594f-4143-8511-c448df0bcba4_1080x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@markusspiske">Markus Spiske</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><div><hr></div><p><span>Magyar nyelv&#369; v&#225;ltozat &#8212; az eredeti, angol &#237;r&#225;s </span><a href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/a-leadership-culture-that-holds-back">itt &#233;rhet&#337; el</a><span>.</span></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Magyarorsz&#225;got ritk&#225;n vizsg&#225;ljuk szervezetk&#233;nt, pedig a stagn&#225;l&#225;sa azonnal szembet&#369;n&#337;v&#233; v&#225;lik, ha a diszfunkcion&#225;lis int&#233;zm&#233;nyek diagnosztikai eszk&#246;zeivel n&#233;zz&#252;k, &#233;s megfigyelj&#252;k, hogyan vezet az elitje. Minden nagy szervezetben a vezet&#337;k form&#225;lj&#225;k a kult&#250;r&#225;t: az eg&#233;szs&#233;ges kult&#250;r&#225;k fejl&#337;dnek, illeszkednek a k&#252;ldet&#233;shez, bizalmat &#233;s egy&#252;ttm&#369;k&#246;d&#233;st &#233;p&#237;tenek; a beteg kult&#250;r&#225;kat &#246;n&#233;rdek&#369; vezet&#233;s tartja fenn, ezek sodr&#243;dnak, korl&#225;toznak, &#233;s csendben szabot&#225;lj&#225;k a fejl&#337;d&#233;st. Magyarorsz&#225;g ma egyre ink&#225;bb az ut&#243;bbihoz hasonl&#237;t: elitvez&#233;relt r&#246;vidt&#225;v&#250;s&#225;g, megfelel&#233;s-k&#246;zpont&#250; norm&#225;k az kezdem&#233;nyez&#233;ssel szemben, &#246;sszeegyeztethetetlen &#233;rt&#233;kek, alacsony bizalom, &#233;s egy t&#250;l&#233;l&#233;sre &#8212; nem n&#246;veked&#233;sre &#8212; &#233;p&#252;l&#337; mitol&#243;gia. Ez kev&#233;sb&#233; nemzeti jellemhiba, ink&#225;bb vezet&#233;si &#233;s korm&#225;nyz&#225;si kudarc &#8212; annak eredm&#233;nye, hogy az elit hom&#225;lyban tartja a k&#252;ldet&#233;st, &#233;s a m&#369;k&#246;d&#233;si kult&#250;r&#225;t kontrollra, nem kreativit&#225;sra optimaliz&#225;lja. Am&#237;g a &#8222;Magyarorsz&#225;g szervezet&#8221; ir&#225;ny&#237;t&#243;i nem kezdik strat&#233;giai eszk&#246;zk&#233;nt kezelni a kult&#250;r&#225;t, &#233;s nem k&#246;telez&#337;dnek el egy j&#246;v&#337;be n&#233;z&#337; k&#252;ldet&#233;s mellett, az orsz&#225;g egy elavult oper&#225;ci&#243;s rendszeren fog futni tov&#225;bb &#8212; amelyet t&#250;l&#233;l&#233;sre, nem pedig el&#337;rehalad&#225;sra terveztek.</em></p><div><hr></div><p>Ritk&#225;n besz&#233;l&#252;nk Magyarorsz&#225;gr&#243;l mint szervezetr&#337;l. Egyszer megtettem a <a href="https://www.marketingcountry.hu/p/would-you-red-card-your-ceo">Piros lapot adn&#225;l a vez&#233;rigazgat&#243;dnak?</a> c&#237;m&#369; ellentmond&#225;sos essz&#233;mben.</p><p>Nemzetk&#233;nt besz&#233;l&#252;nk r&#243;la, hossz&#250; t&#246;rt&#233;nelmi &#237;vk&#233;nt, s&#233;relmek &#233;s gy&#337;zelmek t&#246;rt&#233;netek&#233;nt. De ha meg akarjuk &#233;rteni, mi&#233;rt nem siker&#252;l Magyarorsz&#225;gnak moderniz&#225;l&#243;dnia, tal&#225;n egy m&#225;sik szem&#252;vegre van sz&#252;ks&#233;g&#252;nk &#8212; egyre, amelyet a szervezettudom&#225;nyb&#243;l k&#246;lcs&#246;nz&#252;nk.</p><p>Olyan szervezetkutat&#243;k, mint <strong>Edgar Schein</strong><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>, amellett &#233;rvelnek, hogy a kult&#250;ra nem absztrakci&#243;; ez b&#225;rmely int&#233;zm&#233;ny oper&#225;ci&#243;s rendszere. A kult&#250;ra vagy el&#337;seg&#237;ti a hat&#233;konys&#225;got, vagy lerombolja azt. Nincs semleges terep. &#201;s &#8212; ahogy Schein &#250;jra &#233;s &#250;jra hangs&#250;lyozza &#8212; <strong>a vezet&#233;s a kult&#250;ra els&#337;dleges forr&#225;sa</strong>. A vezet&#337;k hozz&#225;k l&#233;tre, er&#337;s&#237;tik meg &#233;s termelik &#250;jra azokat a norm&#225;kat, amelyek meghat&#225;rozz&#225;k a szervezet viselked&#233;s&#233;t.</p><p>Ha ezt a (ellentmond&#225;sos) logik&#225;t alkalmazzuk Magyarorsz&#225;gra &#8212; &#233;s &#250;gy vizsg&#225;ljuk, ahogy Schein vagy Gareth Morgan vizsg&#225;lna egy nagy, gyeng&#233;n vezetett v&#225;llalatot &#8212;, az orsz&#225;g stagn&#225;l&#225;sa sokkal k&#246;nnyebben &#233;rthet&#337;v&#233; v&#225;lik. Magyarorsz&#225;g egyre ink&#225;bb egy <strong>legacy szervezetre</strong> (legacy organization) hasonl&#237;t, amelynek vezet&#337;i elavult rutinokat tartanak fenn, mert azok az &#337; &#233;rdekeiket szolg&#225;lj&#225;k. A politikai kiigaz&#237;t&#225;sok nem tudj&#225;k fel&#252;l&#237;rni ezt a m&#233;lyebb kultur&#225;lis-struktur&#225;lis probl&#233;m&#225;t.</p><p>Az al&#225;bbiakban Schein klasszikus kultur&#225;lis diagnosztik&#225;j&#225;t haszn&#225;lom &#8212; a szervezeti elemz&#233;sben sz&#233;les k&#246;rben alkalmazott tizenk&#233;t elemet &#8212;, hogy felt&#233;rk&#233;pezzem Magyarorsz&#225;g m&#369;k&#246;d&#233;si kult&#250;r&#225;j&#225;t. A k&#233;p k&#233;nyelmetlen, de tiszt&#225;z&#243; erej&#369;.</p><p><strong>1. Megfigyelhet&#337; viselked&#233;s: &#225;lland&#243; t&#250;l&#233;l&#233;si &#252;zemm&#243;d</strong></p><p>Schein a megfigyelhet&#337; viselked&#233;st a kult&#250;ra &#8222;felsz&#237;ni szintj&#233;nek&#8221; nevezi. Magyarorsz&#225;gon ez a viselked&#233;s egy r&#246;vidt&#225;v&#250;s&#225;gba z&#225;rt szervezetet jelez: t&#250;l&#233;l&#233;s a strat&#233;gia helyett, r&#246;gt&#246;nz&#233;s a tervez&#233;s helyett, konfliktusker&#252;l&#233;s a koordin&#225;ci&#243; helyett.</p><blockquote><p>Ezek a viselked&#233;sform&#225;k nem az emberek jellemvon&#225;sai; egy olyan vezet&#337;i oszt&#225;ly kimenetei, amely a megfelel&#233;st &#233;s a taktikai t&#250;l&#233;l&#233;st jutalmazza a hossz&#250; t&#225;v&#250; gondolkod&#225;s helyett.</p></blockquote><p><strong>2. Csoportnorm&#225;k: megfelel&#233;s a kezdem&#233;nyez&#233;s helyett</strong></p><p>Amy Edmondson<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a> szerint a pszichol&#243;giai biztons&#225;g az innov&#225;ci&#243; alapja. Magyarorsz&#225;gon ennek az ellenkez&#337;je igaz. Az inform&#225;lis norm&#225;k hallgat&#225;sra, lojalit&#225;sra &#233;s a l&#225;that&#243;s&#225;g ker&#252;l&#233;s&#233;re &#246;szt&#246;nzik az embereket. A kezdem&#233;nyez&#233;st gyakran b&#252;ntetik; a kock&#225;zatv&#225;llal&#225;st naivit&#225;sk&#233;nt k&#246;nyvelik el. Az innov&#225;ci&#243;t csak akkor t&#369;rik, ha nem zavarja meg az elit h&#225;l&#243;zatait.</p><blockquote><p>Ez nem v&#233;letlen &#8212; ez egy vezet&#233;s &#225;ltal l&#233;trehozott normarendszer, amelyben a kisz&#225;m&#237;that&#243;s&#225;got t&#246;bbre becs&#252;lik a kreativit&#225;sn&#225;l.</p></blockquote><p><strong>3. Kinyilv&#225;n&#237;tott &#233;rt&#233;kek: &#8222;Nagyra tartjuk a szorgalmat" &#8212; de t&#233;nyleg?</strong></p><p>Chris Argyris<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a> k&#252;l&#246;nbs&#233;get tesz a kinyilv&#225;n&#237;tott &#233;rt&#233;kek (amit a vezet&#337;k mondanak) &#233;s a haszn&#225;latban l&#233;v&#337; elm&#233;letek (amit a vezet&#337;k jutalmaznak) k&#246;z&#246;tt.</p><p>A magyar elit nyilv&#225;nosan dics&#233;ri a szorgalmat, a versenyk&#233;pess&#233;get &#233;s az &#246;sszetart&#225;st.</p><p>De a mindennapi &#233;let a vezet&#337;i &#246;szt&#246;nz&#337;k &#225;ltal form&#225;lt t&#233;nyleges &#233;rt&#233;keket t&#225;rja fel: gyanakv&#225;st, defenz&#237;v individualizmust, lojalit&#225;si h&#225;l&#243;zatokat &#233;s inform&#225;lis kiskapukra &#233;p&#252;l&#337; viselked&#233;st.</p><blockquote><p>A retorika &#233;s a val&#243;s&#225;g k&#246;z&#246;tti szakad&#233;k Magyarorsz&#225;g egyik legm&#233;lyebb struktur&#225;lis hib&#225;ja.</p></blockquote><p><strong>4. Form&#225;lis filoz&#243;fia: egy elavult m&#369;k&#246;d&#233;si k&#233;zik&#246;nyv</strong></p><p>Schein megjegyzi, hogy a szervezetek m&#246;g&#246;ttes filoz&#243;fi&#225;kra t&#225;maszkodnak &#8212; m&#233;ly t&#246;rt&#233;netekre arr&#243;l, kik &#337;k, &#233;s mi&#233;rt l&#233;teznek. Magyarorsz&#225;g filoz&#243;fi&#225;j&#225;t, ahogyan azt az elit &#225;polja, a s&#233;relem, a t&#246;rt&#233;nelmi trauma &#233;s a defenz&#237;v kiv&#233;teless&#233;g gy&#246;kerezteti.</p><blockquote><p>Ez a narrat&#237;va egykor seg&#237;tett meg&#337;rizni az identit&#225;st fenyegetetts&#233;g idej&#233;n. Ma &#250;gy m&#369;k&#246;dik, mint egy elavult k&#252;ldet&#233;snyilatkozat, amelyet egyetlen vez&#233;rigazgat&#243; sem mer &#250;jra&#237;rni &#8212; hasznos a legitim&#225;ci&#243;hoz, de katasztrof&#225;lis a moderniz&#225;ci&#243;hoz.</p></blockquote><p><strong>5. A j&#225;t&#233;kszab&#225;lyok: els&#337;sorban a lojalit&#225;s, a hozz&#225;&#233;rt&#233;s opcion&#225;lis</strong></p><p>Gareth Morgan<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a> metafor&#225;ja a szervezetr&#337;l mint politikai rendszerr&#337;l itt f&#225;jdalmasan pontosnak bizonyul. Mindenki ismeri a val&#243;di szervezeti szab&#225;lyokat: a kapcsolatok fel&#252;l&#237;rj&#225;k a hozz&#225;&#233;rt&#233;st, a hozz&#225;f&#233;r&#233;s fel&#252;l&#237;rja a teljes&#237;tm&#233;nyt, &#233;s a &#8222;ne k&#233;rd&#337;jelezd meg a hierarchi&#225;t&#8221; fel&#252;l&#237;rja a &#8222;oldd meg a probl&#233;m&#225;t&#8221; elvet.</p><blockquote><p>Ezek a szab&#225;lyok nem spont&#225;n norm&#225;k; <strong>vezet&#233;s &#225;ltal kik&#233;nyszer&#237;tett &#246;szt&#246;nz&#337;k</strong>, amelyek z&#225;rva, kisz&#225;m&#237;that&#243;an &#233;s ir&#225;ny&#237;that&#243;an tartj&#225;k a rendszert.</p></blockquote><p><strong>6. L&#233;gk&#246;r: &#225;lland&#243;sult, alacsony bizalm&#250; k&#246;rnyezet</strong></p><p>A szervezeti l&#233;gk&#246;r, mondja Schein, az az &#233;rzelmi atmoszf&#233;ra, amelyet a vezet&#337;k &#246;szt&#246;nz&#337;k&#246;n &#233;s kommunik&#225;ci&#243;n kereszt&#252;l teremtenek. Magyarorsz&#225;g l&#233;gk&#246;r&#233;t alacsony bizalom, f&#225;radts&#225;g, belet&#246;r&#337;d&#233;s &#233;s minim&#225;lis elv&#225;r&#225;sok uralj&#225;k.</p><blockquote><p>Ez a l&#233;gk&#246;r nem kultur&#225;lis v&#233;gzet &#8212; annak term&#233;szetes eredm&#233;nye, hogy a vezet&#337;k sebezhet&#337;s&#233;gk&#233;nt kezelik az &#225;tl&#225;that&#243;s&#225;got, &#233;s fenyeget&#233;sk&#233;nt az elsz&#225;moltathat&#243;s&#225;got.</p></blockquote><p><strong>7. Be&#233;p&#252;lt k&#233;szs&#233;gek: a r&#246;gt&#246;nz&#233;s mint alapvet&#337; kompetencia</strong></p><p>A magyarok rendk&#237;v&#252;l alkalmazkod&#243;k&#233;pesek. A r&#246;gt&#246;nz&#233;s &#8212; az &#252;gyesked&#233;s &#8212; Magyarorsz&#225;g legm&#233;lyebben be&#233;p&#252;lt k&#233;szs&#233;ge. Karl Weick<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a> r&#225;mutat, hogy amikor a form&#225;lis rendszerek cs&#337;d&#246;t mondanak, az emberek r&#246;gt&#246;nz&#246;tt gyakorlatokat fejlesztenek ki, hogy a szervezet tov&#225;bb m&#369;k&#246;dj&#246;n. Err&#337;l &#237;rtam kor&#225;bban a korrupci&#243;t mint t&#225;rsadalmi ellen&#225;ll&#243; k&#233;pess&#233;get bemutat&#243; <a href="https://www.marketingcountry.hu/p/corruption-as-a-form-of-adaptive">cikkemben</a>.</p><p>A magyarok kiv&#225;l&#243; r&#246;gt&#246;nz&#337;k, mert a vezet&#233;s nem &#233;p&#237;tett olyan rendszereket, amelyek cs&#246;kkenten&#233;k a r&#246;gt&#246;nz&#233;s sz&#252;ks&#233;gess&#233;g&#233;t.</p><blockquote><p>A r&#246;gt&#246;nz&#233;s nem strat&#233;gia; megk&#252;zd&#233;si mechanizmus.</p></blockquote><p><strong>8. Gondolkod&#225;si szok&#225;sok: pesszimista paradigm&#225;k</strong></p><p>Schein hangs&#250;lyozza, hogy a szervezeti paradigm&#225;k &#8212; a k&#246;z&#246;sen vallott felt&#233;telez&#233;sek &#8212; alak&#237;tj&#225;k, mit tartanak az emberek lehets&#233;gesnek. Magyarorsz&#225;gon az uralkod&#243; paradigma: &#8222;Semmi sem fog v&#225;ltozni, mert semmi sem v&#225;ltozik soha.&#8221;</p><blockquote><p>Ez a pesszimizmus nem nemzeti jellemvon&#225;s; egy olyan vezet&#233;s kisz&#225;m&#237;that&#243; kognit&#237;v k&#246;vetkezm&#233;nye, amely elb&#225;tortalan&#237;tja az auton&#243;mi&#225;t, a k&#237;s&#233;rletez&#233;st &#233;s a hossz&#250; t&#225;v&#250; tervez&#233;st.</p></blockquote><p><strong>9. K&#246;z&#246;s jelent&#233;sek: siker = t&#250;l&#233;l&#233;s</strong></p><p>Weick sensemaking-elm&#233;lete megmutatja, hogyan defini&#225;lj&#225;k a szervezetek a sikert. Sok t&#225;rsadalomban a siker teljes&#237;tm&#233;nyt jelent. Magyarorsz&#225;gon a siker gyakran t&#250;l&#233;l&#233;st jelent: a kock&#225;zatok elker&#252;l&#233;s&#233;t, a l&#225;thatatlans&#225;got, az expon&#225;lts&#225;g minimaliz&#225;l&#225;s&#225;t.</p><blockquote><p>Mi&#233;rt? Mert az elitvezet&#233;s r&#233;g&#243;ta a stabilit&#225;st jutalmazza a kezdem&#233;nyez&#233;s helyett, a lojalit&#225;st a teljes&#237;tm&#233;ny helyett.</p></blockquote><p><strong>10. Metafor&#225;k &#233;s szimb&#243;lumok: a romantikus m&#250;lt</strong></p><p>Schein megjegyzi, hogy a szimb&#243;lumok fejezik ki egy szervezet legm&#233;lyebb felt&#233;telez&#233;seit. Magyarorsz&#225;g elit &#225;ltal vez&#233;relt szimb&#243;lumai &#8212; h&#337;s&#246;k, m&#225;rt&#237;roms&#225;g, elveszett ter&#252;letek, &#246;r&#246;k k&#252;zdelem &#8212; a m&#250;lthoz horgonyozz&#225;k az identit&#225;st.</p><blockquote><p>Ez olyan, mintha egy v&#225;llalat vezet&#233;se folyamatosan azt &#252;nnepeln&#233;, ami valaha volt, ahelyett hogy megfogalmazn&#225;, miv&#233; akar v&#225;lni.</p></blockquote><p><strong>11. Artefaktumok: id&#337;ben megfagyott int&#233;zm&#233;nyek</strong></p><p>Az artefaktumok a kult&#250;ra l&#225;that&#243; megnyilv&#225;nul&#225;sai. Magyarorsz&#225;g kulcsint&#233;zm&#233;nyei &#8212; iskol&#225;k, b&#252;rokr&#225;cia, m&#233;dia &#8212; <em>legacy</em> <em>rendszerekk&#233;nt</em> viselkednek. Meg&#337;rzik a r&#233;gi munkafolyamatokat, ellen&#225;llnak az &#250;jaknak, &#233;s stagn&#225;l&#225;st jeleznek.</p><blockquote><p>Ezek az artefaktumok vezet&#233;si d&#246;nt&#233;seket testes&#237;tenek meg &#8212; nem a k&#246;zv&#233;lem&#233;ny preferenci&#225;it &#8212;, amelyek a kontrollt, a centraliz&#225;ci&#243;t &#233;s a kisz&#225;m&#237;that&#243;s&#225;got r&#233;szes&#237;tik el&#337;nyben a moderniz&#225;ci&#243;val &#233;s a rugalmass&#225;ggal szemben.</p></blockquote><p><strong>12. M&#237;toszok &#233;s t&#246;rt&#233;netek: elitvez&#233;relt f&#252;gg&#337;s&#233;g az &#225;ldozatszerept&#337;l</strong></p><p>Weick megmutatja, hogyan magyar&#225;zz&#225;k a szervezetek a vil&#225;gukat a t&#246;rt&#233;neteken kereszt&#252;l. Ez&#233;rt van minden szervezetnek bels&#337; m&#237;tosza. Magyarorsz&#225;g uralkod&#243; t&#246;rt&#233;netei az &#225;rul&#225;s, a k&#252;ls&#337; fenyeget&#233;sek, a h&#337;sies kudarc &#233;s az &#225;lland&#243; sebezhet&#337;s&#233;g k&#246;r&#233; &#233;p&#252;lnek.</p><blockquote><p>Ezek egykor er&#337;s&#237;tett&#233;k az &#246;sszetart&#225;st.<br>Ma a diszfunkci&#243;hoz r&#246;gz&#237;tik az orsz&#225;got, mert az elit folyamatosan &#250;jratermeli &#337;ket, hogy igazolja a k&#246;zpontos&#237;tott kontrollt &#233;s az alacsony elsz&#225;moltathat&#243;s&#225;got.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Alapdiagn&#243;zis: egy vezet&#337;i kult&#250;ra, amely nincs &#246;sszhangban semmilyen modern k&#252;ldet&#233;ssel</strong></p><p>Ha Magyarorsz&#225;g v&#225;llalat lenne, b&#225;rmelyik Kotter&#8211;Schein keretrendszert haszn&#225;l&#243; tan&#225;csad&#243; ugyanazt a verdiktet hozn&#225; meg:</p><p><strong>A vezet&#337;i kult&#250;ra m&#225;r nem t&#225;mogatja a k&#252;ldet&#233;st.<br></strong>Ellenben t&#225;mogatja:</p><ul><li><p>a t&#250;l&#233;l&#233;st, nem a fejl&#337;d&#233;st</p></li><li><p>a kontrollt, nem a kreativit&#225;st</p></li><li><p>a lojalit&#225;st, nem a hozz&#225;&#233;rt&#233;st</p></li><li><p>a homogenit&#225;st, nem az innov&#225;ci&#243;t</p></li></ul><p>Ez nem a lakoss&#225;g kudarca &#8212; hanem a vezet&#337;i &#246;szt&#246;nz&#337;k kudarca.</p><p><strong>Mi kell hogy v&#225;ltozzon: a vezet&#233;snek strat&#233;giak&#233;nt kell kezelnie a kult&#250;r&#225;t</strong></p><p>A szervezeti v&#225;ltoz&#225;s szakirodalma &#8212; Scheint&#337;l Kotteren<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a> &#225;t Amy Edmondsonig&#8212; egy&#233;rtelm&#369;:</p><p>A kult&#250;ra nem alulr&#243;l v&#225;ltozik.</p><p>Akkor v&#225;ltozik, amikor a vezet&#337;k &#250;jradefini&#225;lj&#225;k:</p><ul><li><p>a k&#252;ldet&#233;st</p></li><li><p>az &#246;szt&#246;nz&#337;ket</p></li><li><p>a norm&#225;kat</p></li><li><p>a t&#246;rt&#233;neteket</p></li><li><p>a szimb&#243;lumokat</p></li><li><p>az elv&#225;r&#225;sokat</p></li></ul><p>Magyarorsz&#225;g elitje &#8212; politikai, gazdas&#225;gi, adminisztrat&#237;v, kultur&#225;lis, akad&#233;miai &#8212; elker&#252;lte ezt, mert a jelenlegi kult&#250;ra az &#337; &#233;rdekeit szolg&#225;lja.</p><p>De egy modern nemzet nem tud vir&#225;gozni egy olyan vezet&#337;i kult&#250;r&#225;val, amely egy 20. sz&#225;zadi fenyeget&#233;si k&#246;rnyezetre lett optimaliz&#225;lva.</p><p><strong>Z&#225;r&#243;gondolat</strong></p><p>Magyarorsz&#225;g stagn&#225;l&#225;sa nem a n&#233;p&#233;nek erk&#246;lcsi kudarca.</p><p>Ez egy olyan vezet&#337;i oszt&#225;ly &#225;ltal el&#337;id&#233;zett szervezeti kudarc, amely elavult oper&#225;ci&#243;s rendszert tart fenn.</p><p>A kult&#250;r&#225;k tudnak v&#225;ltozni.</p><p>De csak akkor, ha a vezet&#337;k abbahagyj&#225;k a m&#250;lt pajzsk&#233;nt val&#243; kezel&#233;s&#233;t, &#233;s felel&#337;ss&#233;gk&#233;nt kezdik kezelni a j&#246;v&#337;t.</p><p>Magyarorsz&#225;gnak nincs sz&#252;ks&#233;ge &#250;j ideol&#243;gi&#225;ra.</p><p><strong>&#218;j vezet&#337;i kult&#250;r&#225;ra van sz&#252;ks&#233;ge &#8212; &#233;s egy k&#252;ldet&#233;sre, amely v&#233;gre el&#337;re n&#233;z.</strong></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Nem &#233;rtesz egyet? Remek. Nem az&#233;rt &#237;rok, hogy igazam legyen &#8212; az&#233;rt &#237;rok, hogy pr&#243;b&#225;ra tegyenek. Hozd a &#8222;tizedik ember&#8221; n&#233;z&#337;pontodat, a leg&#233;lesebb ellen&#233;rvedet, vagy ak&#225;r egy csendes k&#233;telyt. N&#233;ha az a leghasznosabb kritika, amelyik a saj&#225;t gondolkod&#225;somat billenti ki.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Ne feledd, iratkozz fel a tov&#225;bbi Critical Hungary elemz&#233;sek&#233;rt!</em></p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share Critical Hungary&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share Critical Hungary</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/vezetoi-kultura-amely-visszahuz/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/vezetoi-kultura-amely-visszahuz/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Alapm&#369; arr&#243;l, hogyan hozz&#225;k l&#233;tre, form&#225;lj&#225;k &#233;s &#225;gyazz&#225;k be a vezet&#337;k a szervezeti kult&#250;r&#225;t: Schein, Edgar H. (2010). </span><em>Organizational Culture and Leadership</em><span> (4. kiad&#225;s). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>A pszichol&#243;giai biztons&#225;gr&#243;l &#233;s annak a tanul&#225;sban, innov&#225;ci&#243;ban &#233;s ny&#237;lt kommunik&#225;ci&#243;ban bet&#246;lt&#246;tt szerep&#233;r&#337;l sz&#243;l&#243; vezet&#337; kort&#225;rs m&#369;: Edmondson, Amy C. (2018). </span><em>The Fearless Organization: Creating Psychological Safety in the Workplace for Learning, Innovation, and Growth</em><span>. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp; Sons.</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Kulcsfontoss&#225;g&#250; elm&#233;let a kinyilv&#225;n&#237;tott &#233;rt&#233;kek &#233;s a haszn&#225;latban l&#233;v&#337; elm&#233;letek megk&#252;l&#246;nb&#246;ztet&#233;s&#233;r&#337;l, amely megmagyar&#225;zza a vezet&#337;k szavai &#233;s tettei k&#246;z&#246;tti szakad&#233;kot: Argyris, Chris &amp; Sch&#246;n, Donald A. (1996). </span><em>Organizational Learning II: Theory, Method, and Practice</em><span>. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Klasszikus m&#369; a szervezeti metafor&#225;kr&#243;l, bemutatva, hogyan struktur&#225;lja a kult&#250;ra, a hatalom &#233;s a jelent&#233;s az int&#233;zm&#233;nyi viselked&#233;st: Morgan, Gareth (2006). </span><em>Images of Organization</em><span> (friss&#237;tett kiad&#225;s). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>K&#246;zponti sz&#246;veg arr&#243;l, hogyan konstru&#225;lj&#225;k meg a szervezetek a jelent&#233;st, az identit&#225;st &#233;s a k&#246;z&#246;s &#233;rtelmez&#233;seket a sensemaking folyamat&#225;n kereszt&#252;l: Weick, Karl E. (1995). <em>Sensemaking in Organizations</em>. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. <a href="#user-content-fnref-5">&#8617;</a></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Alapvet&#337; keretrendszer a szervezeti &#225;talakul&#225;sr&#243;l &#233;s a kult&#250;rav&#225;lt&#225;shoz sz&#252;ks&#233;ges vezet&#337;i l&#233;p&#233;sekr&#337;l: Kotter, John P. (1996). </span><em>Leading Change</em><span>. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press</span>.</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Márkaépítésen túl: mi és ők]]></title><description><![CDATA[Orb&#225;n elmozdul&#225;sa a meggy&#337;z&#233;st&#337;l a bar&#225;t&#8211;ellens&#233;g propaganda ir&#225;ny&#225;ban.]]></description><link>https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/markaepitesen-tul-mi-es-ok</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/markaepitesen-tul-mi-es-ok</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Zoltán Bodó]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 26 Jul 2026 11:32:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYYd!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1fac5b3-b17c-403c-b270-76eb037306c3_1080x720.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" 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href="https://unsplash.com">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><div><hr></div><p><span>Magyar nyelv&#369; v&#225;ltozat &#8212; az eredeti, angol &#237;r&#225;s </span><a href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/beyond-branding-us-vs-them">itt &#233;rhet&#337; el</a><span>.</span></p><div><hr></div><p><em>2015 ut&#225;n Orb&#225;n nem hib&#225;zta el a meggy&#337;z&#233;s m&#369;v&#233;szet&#233;t &#8211; t&#250;ll&#233;pett a m&#225;rka&#233;p&#237;t&#233;sen. Amikor a n&#246;veked&#233;s lelassult &#233;s n&#337;ttek a fenyegetetts&#233;gi jelek, a kamp&#225;nyf&#233;nyt d&#246;nt&#233;stervez&#233;sre cser&#233;lte: a zajt egyetlen vil&#225;gos t&#233;tre s&#369;r&#237;tette &#8211; mi vagy &#337;k &#8211;, majd ezt k&#233;zzelfoghat&#243;, megsz&#225;molhat&#243; dolgokhoz k&#246;t&#246;tte: munkahelyek, utak, nyugd&#237;jak, rezsi. Az eredm&#233;ny nem hangosabb szlogenek lettek, hanem egy egyszer&#369;bb v&#225;laszt&#225;si keret, amely a f&#233;lelmet v&#233;delemre, a besz&#233;det pedig teljes&#237;t&#233;sre ford&#237;totta le. A kritikusok szerint ez rombol&#243; hat&#225;s&#250;, &#233;s a demokratikus &#225;r tekintet&#233;ben nincs is igazuk n&#233;lk&#252;l. Az ellenz&#233;k azonban t&#246;bbnyire csak t&#252;kr&#246;zi ezt a kett&#337;ss&#233;get, gonosztev&#337;nek &#225;ll&#237;tva be Orb&#225;nt, an&#233;lk&#252;l hogy hasonl&#243;an &#233;rthet&#337; ellent&#233;telez&#233;st k&#237;n&#225;lna. Egy olyan piacon, ahol a figyelem sz&#369;k&#246;s, a bizalom pedig adagolt, a nyer&#337; h&#250;z&#225;s nem az, hogy &#8222;legy&#252;nk kedvesebbek&#8221; &#8211; hanem hogy t&#250;ltiszt&#225;zzuk &#233;s t&#250;lbizony&#237;tsuk a m&#225;sikat: egy mondat arr&#243;l, mi forog kock&#225;n, egy hiteles biztons&#225;gcsomag, &#233;s olyan bizony&#237;t&#233;k, amelyet az emberek a sz&#225;ml&#225;ikban &#233;s a fizet&#233;s&#252;kben &#233;reznek &#8211; ez az, ami, sajnos, a mi-vagy-&#337;k j&#225;tszm&#225;t folyamatosan nyer&#337;v&#233; teszi.</em></p><div><hr></div><p>A kort&#225;rs magyar politik&#225;ban Orb&#225;n Viktor minisztereln&#246;k egy saj&#225;tos retorikai st&#237;lust alak&#237;tott ki, amely egyre ink&#225;bb alapos figyelmet &#233;rdemel.</p><p><span>Egy kor&#225;bbi essz&#233;mben &#8212; </span><a href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/orban-wins-like-a-brand-the-opposition">A meggy&#337;z&#233;s politik&#225;ja: strat&#233;giai m&#225;rka&#233;p&#237;t&#233;s Magyarorsz&#225;g v&#225;laszt&#225;si terep&#233;n. Orb&#225;n &#250;gy nyert, mint egy m&#225;rka. Az ellenz&#233;k m&#233;g mindig nem tanulta meg, hogyan</a><span> &#8212; r&#225;mutattam, hogy 2010 &#233;s nagyj&#225;b&#243;l 2015 k&#246;z&#246;tt a Fidesz fegyelmezett politikai marketing, narrat&#237;va&#233;p&#237;t&#233;s &#233;s m&#225;rkastrat&#233;gia r&#233;v&#233;n tart&#243;s dominanci&#225;t &#233;p&#237;tett ki.</span></p><p>2015 k&#246;r&#252;lt&#337;l azonban &#250;gy t&#369;nik, elmozdult a marketing ir&#225;nyt&#369;je: a t&#250;lz&#225;s, a f&#233;lelemkelt&#233;s &#233;s a fel&#252;lr&#337;l vez&#233;relt &#252;zenetk&#252;ld&#233;s kiszor&#237;totta a p&#225;rbesz&#233;det. Ami meggy&#337;z&#337; m&#225;rka&#233;p&#237;t&#233;sk&#233;nt indult, propagand&#225;v&#225; kem&#233;nyedett; a j&#246;v&#337;k&#233;p &#225;tadta hely&#233;t a fenyegetetts&#233;g felf&#250;j&#225;s&#225;nak &#8211; k&#252;l&#246;n&#246;sen ahogy a gazdas&#225;gi ellensz&#233;l er&#337;s&#246;d&#246;tt, &#233;s a &#8222;term&#233;k&#8221; egyre nehezebben volt eladhat&#243;.</p><div><hr></div><h3>A m&#225;rka&#233;p&#237;t&#233;st&#337;l a propagand&#225;ig &#8211; &#233;s a bar&#225;t/ellens&#233;g fordulat</h3><p>2015-t&#337;l kezdve a korm&#225;nyzati kommunik&#225;ci&#243; egyre ink&#225;bb egy ellens&#233;ges kett&#337;ss&#233;get vett fel &#8211; bar&#225;t vagy ellens&#233;g. Orb&#225;n harmadik &#233;s negyedik ciklus&#225;ra az &#252;zenet&#233;p&#237;t&#233;s normaliz&#225;lta a folyamatos, h&#225;bor&#250;s jelleg&#369; p&#243;zt, szimul&#225;lt konfliktusokat sz&#237;nre vivve &#8222;ellens&#233;gnek&#8221; b&#233;lyegzett szerepl&#337;k ellen. A h&#250;z&#225;s er&#337;sen rezon&#225;l Carl Schmitt (1888&#8211;1985), a n&#233;met jog&#225;sz &#233;s politikai teoretikus munk&#225;ss&#225;g&#225;val, &#233;s &#250;gy t&#369;nik, k&#246;zvetlen&#252;l schmitti premissz&#225;kra &#233;p&#237;t.</p><p>Schmitt fogalmai szerint ez a fordulat a politikai intenz&#237;vebb&#233; v&#225;l&#225;s&#225;t jelzi: elmozdul&#225;st a meggy&#337;z&#337; m&#225;rka&#233;p&#237;t&#233;st&#337;l az egzisztenci&#225;lis pozicion&#225;l&#225;s fel&#233;, ahol a kollekt&#237;v identit&#225;s egy ellens&#233;g megnevez&#233;se r&#233;v&#233;n forr &#246;ssze.</p><p>Schmitt szerint a politikai l&#233;nyege a bar&#225;t&#8211;ellens&#233;g megk&#252;l&#246;nb&#246;ztet&#233;s: egy k&#246;z&#246;ss&#233;g akkor v&#225;lik politikaiv&#225;, amikor egy m&#225;sik k&#246;z&#246;ss&#233;get lehets&#233;ges egzisztenci&#225;lis ellenf&#233;lk&#233;nt ismer fel. Az ellens&#233;g nyilv&#225;nos (nem szem&#233;lyes), &#233;s nem erk&#246;lcsi v&#233;tek, hanem a szemben&#225;ll&#225;s intenzit&#225;sa hat&#225;rozza meg, amely er&#337;szakos konfliktusba torkollhat. A l&#233;nyeg nem az, hogy h&#225;bor&#250;nak kell bek&#246;vetkeznie, hanem hogy ennek lehet&#337;s&#233;ge adja a politik&#225;nak a maga saj&#225;tos s&#250;ly&#225;t, &#233;s ez h&#237;vja &#233;letre a d&#246;nt&#337; vezet&#233;st. Ez a krit&#233;rium alapozza meg Schmitt szuverenit&#225;s- &#233;s &#8222;kiv&#233;tel&#8221;-fogalm&#225;t is: a szuver&#233;n d&#246;nti el, konkr&#233;t k&#246;r&#252;lm&#233;nyek k&#246;z&#246;tt, ki sz&#225;m&#237;t ellens&#233;gnek, &#233;s milyen rendk&#237;v&#252;li int&#233;zked&#233;sekre van sz&#252;ks&#233;g a politikai egys&#233;g meg&#337;rz&#233;s&#233;hez. A gyakorlatban ez a logika hajlamos &#8222;kiv&#233;teleket&#8221; gy&#225;rtani &#8211; olyan pillanatokat, amelyeket rendk&#237;v&#252;lik&#233;nt kereteznek (migr&#225;ci&#243;, &#8222;Br&#252;sszel&#8221;, az ukrajnai h&#225;bor&#250;, rendbont&#225;s), &#233;s amelyek rendk&#237;v&#252;li int&#233;zked&#233;seket igazolnak az &#252;zenetk&#252;ld&#233;sben &#233;s a politik&#225;ban.</p><p>Schmitt hat&#225;sa m&#233;lyrehat&#243; a politikaelm&#233;letben &#233;s az alkotm&#225;nyjogi gondolkod&#225;sban; n&#225;ci k&#246;t&#337;d&#233;se &#233;s tekint&#233;lyelv&#369; elk&#246;telezetts&#233;gei azonban be&#225;rny&#233;kolj&#225;k &#246;r&#246;ks&#233;g&#233;t, sokak szem&#233;ben olyan gondolkod&#243;v&#225; t&#233;ve &#337;t, akit n&#233;lk&#252;l&#246;zhetetlen olvasni, de vesz&#233;lyes csod&#225;lni.</p><blockquote><p>&#8222;Schmitt nyomot hagyott sz&#252;l&#337;f&#246;ldje, N&#233;metorsz&#225;g n&#233;gy k&#252;l&#246;nb&#246;z&#337; inkarn&#225;ci&#243;j&#225;n: a vilmosi N&#233;metorsz&#225;g abszolutista rendszer&#233;n, a weimari N&#233;metorsz&#225;g bukott k&#246;zt&#225;rsas&#225;g&#225;n, a n&#225;ci N&#233;metorsz&#225;g tekint&#233;lyelv&#369; &#233;s totalit&#225;rius rendszer&#233;n, valamint a N&#233;metorsz&#225;gi Sz&#246;vets&#233;gi K&#246;zt&#225;rsas&#225;g konszolid&#225;lt demokr&#225;ci&#225;j&#225;n."<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a></p></blockquote><p>Fontos, hogy fogalmait a politikai spektrum eg&#233;sze &#225;tvette &#8211; a baloldal is adapt&#225;lja Schmittet (p&#233;ld&#225;ul Mouffe/Laclau baloldali populista &#8222;n&#233;p kontra elit&#8221; keretez&#233;se &#233;s Agamben &#8222;kiv&#233;teles &#225;llapot&#8221;-fogalma) a progressz&#237;v t&#246;rekv&#233;sek el&#337;mozd&#237;t&#225;s&#225;ra.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Egy kort&#225;rs p&#233;lda</h3><p>A kommunik&#225;ci&#243;s st&#237;lus, amely egykor kompetens m&#225;rka&#233;p&#237;t&#233;st mutatott fel, ma m&#225;r nemcsak szembesz&#225;ll a riv&#225;lisokkal, hanem retorikailag <strong>megsemmis&#237;ti</strong> &#337;ket. Ahelyett, hogy &#233;rdemben foglalkozna a politik&#225;val vagy az ideol&#243;gi&#225;val, az ellenfeleket gyakran illegitim, fenyeget&#337; karikat&#250;r&#225;kk&#225; reduk&#225;lja.</p><p>&#205;me egy p&#233;lda arra, ahogyan Orb&#225;n 2025 szeptemberi Facebook-bejegyz&#233;se ezt a strat&#233;gi&#225;t egy megr&#225;z&#243; kett&#337;ss&#233;gbe s&#369;r&#237;tette:</p><blockquote><p><a href="https://pestisracok.hu/forro-drot/2025/09/orban-viktor-bucsu-a-fegyverektol">&#8222;Az &#337; fegyver&#252;k az agresszi&#243;. A hazugs&#225;g. A henceg&#233;s. A l&#225;z&#237;t&#225;s. &#201;s v&#233;g&#252;l: a pisztoly. Most m&#225;r nemcsak szavakban, hanem fizikai val&#243;s&#225;g&#225;ban is&#8230;&#8221;</a></p><p><a href="https://pestisracok.hu/forro-drot/2025/09/orban-viktor-bucsu-a-fegyverektol">&#8222;&#8230;Nek&#252;nk nincs fegyver&#252;nk. Az er&#337;nk a szavainkban &#233;s a tetteinkben rejlik. Az 1000 kilom&#233;ternyi aut&#243;p&#225;lya &#233;s gyorsforgalmi &#250;t, amit meg&#233;p&#237;tett&#252;nk. A csal&#225;dt&#225;mogat&#225;si programok, amiket bevezett&#252;nk. Az egymilli&#243; &#250;j munkahely, amit l&#233;trehoztunk. A 13. havi nyugd&#237;j, amit vissza&#225;ll&#237;tottunk. Az Otthon Start program &#233;s a rezsics&#246;kkent&#233;s. A b&#233;ke, ami&#233;rt nap mint nap ki&#225;llunk. &#201;s mindaz a sok terv, amellyel Magyarorsz&#225;got Eur&#243;pa legnagyobb, leg&#233;lhet&#337;bb &#233;s legbiztons&#225;gosabb orsz&#225;g&#225;v&#225; tessz&#252;k&#8230;&#8221;</a></p><p><a href="https://pestisracok.hu/forro-drot/2025/09/orban-viktor-bucsu-a-fegyverektol">&#8222;&#8230;Mi a magyar emberek bizalm&#225;t hordozzuk. &#336;k pisztolyt hordanak a zseb&#252;kben. Ez a k&#252;l&#246;nbs&#233;g k&#246;zt&#252;nk. B&#250;cs&#250;zzunk h&#225;t el a fegyverekt&#337;l. Legk&#233;s&#337;bb j&#246;v&#337; &#225;prilisig.&#8221;</a></p></blockquote><p>A kontextus sz&#225;m&#237;t. 2025 szeptember&#233;nek k&#246;zep&#233;n Ruszin-Szendi Romulusz &#8211; a Honv&#233;d Vez&#233;rkar kor&#225;bbi f&#337;n&#246;ke, akkor m&#225;r a TISZA P&#225;rt v&#233;delmi sz&#243;viv&#337;je &#8211; elismerte, hogy egy leg&#225;lisan birtokolt l&#337;fegyvert vitt mag&#225;val egy nyilv&#225;nos f&#243;rumra. Mint magas rang&#250; kor&#225;bbi katonai vezet&#337;, &#225;ll&#237;t&#243;lag jogszer&#369; fegyvertart&#225;si enged&#233;llyel rendelkezett. Az eset politikai vihart kavart; a hat&#243;s&#225;gok k&#233;s&#337;bb k&#246;zbel&#233;ptek, &#233;s lefoglalt&#225;k a fegyvert. A korm&#225;nyp&#225;rti &#233;s az ellenz&#233;ki m&#233;dia egyar&#225;nt feler&#337;s&#237;tette azokat a k&#233;peket &#233;s felv&#233;teleket, amelyek t&#246;bb esem&#233;nyr&#337;l sz&#225;rmaztak, ahol &#225;ll&#237;t&#243;lag fegyvert viselt. B&#225;r a magyar jog nagyon szigor&#250; szab&#225;lyok mellett enged&#233;lyezi a l&#337;fegyvertart&#225;st (ez az egyik &#8211; ha nem a &#8211; legszigor&#250;bb szab&#225;lyoz&#225;s az Eur&#243;pai Uni&#243;ban), gy&#369;l&#233;seken vagy nyilv&#225;nos &#246;sszej&#246;veteleken a fegyvervisel&#233;s tilos; m&#233;g az enged&#233;llyel rendelkez&#337; tulajdonosok is felel&#337;ss&#233;gre vonhat&#243;k emiatt.</p><p>Ebben a kontextusban Orb&#225;n bejegyz&#233;se narrat&#237;v sarokk&#337;k&#233;nt funkcion&#225;lt. Egy&#233;rtelm&#369;: ez az essz&#233; nem vitatja, hogy t&#246;rv&#233;nytelen fegyvert vinni egy nyilv&#225;nos gy&#369;l&#233;sre; azt vizsg&#225;lja, hogyan instrumentaliz&#225;lt&#225;k ezt a val&#243;di hibal&#233;p&#233;st egy sz&#233;lesebb kamp&#225;nynarrat&#237;v&#225;v&#225; &#233;s az azonnali jellemgyilkoss&#225;g eszk&#246;z&#233;v&#233;. A <strong>&#8222;pisztoly&#8221;</strong> keret mini-kiv&#233;telk&#233;nt m&#369;k&#246;dik, egyetlen esetet alak&#237;tva &#225;t a fokozott, rendk&#237;v&#252;li politikai nyelvezet &#225;ltal&#225;nos felhatalmaz&#225;s&#225;v&#225;.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Azonnali jellemgyilkoss&#225;g: fogalom &#233;s mechanika</h3><p>Az <strong>azonnali karaktergyilkoss&#225;g</strong> egy olyan kommunik&#225;ci&#243;s h&#250;z&#225;st jel&#246;l, amely az &#233;rvel&#233;st el&#237;t&#233;l&#233;ss&#233; s&#369;r&#237;ti. Metafora, eszkal&#225;ci&#243; &#233;s erk&#246;lcsi c&#237;mk&#233;z&#233;s &#250;tj&#225;n m&#369;k&#246;dik, nem pedig bizony&#237;t&#233;k &#233;s vita r&#233;v&#233;n.</p><p>A man&#337;ver nem egyszer&#369;en a kompetenci&#225;t vagy a politik&#225;t k&#233;rd&#337;jelezi meg, hanem <strong>&#233;rv&#233;nytelen&#237;ti a szem&#233;lyt mint legitim politikai szerepl&#337;t</strong>. Egy polariz&#225;lt k&#246;rnyezetben, ha egy ellenfelet er&#337;szakosk&#233;nt, becstelenk&#233;nt vagy nemzetellenesk&#233;nt kereteznek, a megfontol&#225;s sz&#252;ks&#233;gtelenn&#233; v&#225;lik. A riv&#225;lis programj&#225;t nem kell m&#233;rlegelni &#8211; t&#225;mogat&#243;j&#225;t m&#225;r kiz&#225;rt&#225;k a legitim verseng&#233;s k&#246;r&#233;b&#337;l.</p><p>M&#369;k&#246;d&#233;sileg ez a <strong>bar&#225;t&#8211;ellens&#233;g hat&#225;rvonalat a szem&#233;ly szintj&#233;n alkalmazza</strong>, kiz&#225;rva a riv&#225;lis a legitim politikai szerepl&#337;k k&#246;r&#233;b&#337;l.</p><div><hr></div><h3>A sorozat: a sz&#243;t&#243;l a fegyverig</h3><p>Orb&#225;n 2025 szeptemberi bejegyz&#233;se egy retorikai l&#233;tr&#225;t v&#225;zol fel:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Agresszi&#243;</strong> &#8211; Az ellenf&#233;l alap&#233;rtelmezett m&#243;dja az ellens&#233;gess&#233;g.</p></li><li><p><strong>Hazugs&#225;g</strong> &#8211; Az ellenf&#233;l nem t&#233;ved, hanem alapvet&#337;en becstelen.</p></li><li><p><strong>T&#250;lz&#225;s</strong> &#8211; A besz&#233;d felf&#250;jt; az igazs&#225;gtartalma gyan&#250;s.</p></li><li><p><strong>L&#225;z&#237;t&#225;s</strong> &#8211; A nyelvezet c&#233;lja a zavarg&#225;s kiv&#225;lt&#225;sa.</p></li><li><p><strong>Pisztoly</strong> &#8211; A p&#225;lya&#237;v fizikai er&#337;szakba torkollik.</p></li></ol><p>A &#8222;pisztoly&#8221; szimbolikusan &#233;s sz&#243; szerint is m&#369;k&#246;dik. Egym&#225;st&#243;l elt&#233;r&#337; aggodalmakat &#8211; k&#246;zrend, nemzeti trauma &#233;s a b&#233;ke szents&#233;ge &#8211; s&#369;r&#237;t egyetlen, &#233;l&#233;nk k&#233;pbe. &#205;gy az ellenfelet egy olyan &#250;tra helyezi, amely az erk&#246;lcstelen szavakt&#243;l a b&#369;n&#246;s tettekig vezet, igazolva a kiv&#233;teles &#233;bers&#233;get, &#233;s v&#233;g&#252;l a kiz&#225;r&#225;st.</p><div><hr></div><h3>A pozit&#237;v t&#252;k&#246;r: felhalmozott eredm&#233;nyek</h3><p>Az ellenf&#233;l delegitim&#225;l&#225;sa ut&#225;n a narrat&#237;va konkr&#233;t eredm&#233;nyek list&#225;j&#225;ra v&#225;lt: meg&#233;p&#237;tett aut&#243;p&#225;ly&#225;k, kib&#337;v&#237;tett csal&#225;dt&#225;mogat&#225;s, l&#233;trehozott munkahelyek, vissza&#225;ll&#237;tott nyugd&#237;jak, lak&#225;st&#225;mogat&#225;s &#233;s rezsics&#246;kkent&#233;s, megv&#233;dett b&#233;ke. Az eszk&#246;z a <strong>felhalmoz&#225;s</strong> &#8211; k&#233;zzelfoghat&#243; eredm&#233;nyeket halmoznak egym&#225;sra, hogy a kompetencia &#233;s a j&#243;indulat aur&#225;ja j&#246;jj&#246;n l&#233;tre. A kontraszt teljes: <strong>absztrakt fenyeget&#233;s</strong> (&#337;k) versus <strong>anyagi teljes&#237;t&#233;s</strong> (mi). A politika a k&#225;osz &#233;s a rend k&#246;z&#246;tti v&#225;laszt&#225;ss&#225; v&#225;lik.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Bin&#225;ris erk&#246;lcsi kozmol&#243;gia &#233;s populista szerkezet</h3><p>Where Schmitt&#8217;s enemy is <strong>public and amoral</strong>, this rhetoric <strong>moralizes</strong> the enemy into evil&#8212;turning a Schmittian structure into a <strong>Manichaean moral frame</strong>:</p><p>M&#237;g Schmittn&#233;l az ellens&#233;g <strong>nyilv&#225;nos &#233;s amor&#225;lis</strong>, ez a retorika erk&#246;lcsi &#233;rtelemben gonossz&#225; teszi az ellens&#233;get &#8211; egy schmitti szerkezetet <strong>manicheus erk&#246;lcsi kerett&#233; alak&#237;tva</strong>:</p><ul><li><p><strong>&#336;k:</strong> agresszi&#243;, hazugs&#225;g, l&#225;z&#237;t&#225;s, fegyverek.</p></li><li><p><strong>Mi:</strong> bizalom, munka, &#233;p&#237;tkez&#233;s, b&#233;ke.</p></li></ul><p>Ez illeszkedik egy ismer&#337;s populista szerkezethez &#8211; &#8222;a tiszta n&#233;p&#8221; versus &#8222;a korrupt/idegen elit&#8221; &#8211;, de a korrupci&#243;t er&#337;szakk&#225; alak&#237;tja &#225;t. Az ebben a regiszterben visszat&#233;r&#337; ellenfelek k&#246;z&#233; tartozik <strong>&#8222;Br&#252;sszel&#8221;</strong>, a <strong>migr&#225;ci&#243;s &#233;s hat&#225;rfenyeget&#233;sek</strong>, a <strong>&#8222;Soros/NGO-k&#8221;</strong>, &#233;s 2022 &#243;ta egy<strong> &#8222;h&#225;bor&#250;p&#225;rti&#8221; ellenz&#233;k</strong>, szembe&#225;ll&#237;tva a &#8222;b&#233;ke&#8221; korm&#225;ny&#225;val. Id&#337;nk&#233;nt az ellenz&#233;ki szerepl&#337;k is t&#252;kr&#246;zik ezt a j&#225;t&#233;kot, mag&#225;t Orb&#225;nt k&#243;dolva rosszindulat&#250; antagonist&#225;v&#225; &#8211; egy tekint&#233;lyelv&#369; &#8222;gonossz&#225;&#8221;, akinek elt&#225;vol&#237;t&#225;s&#225;t erk&#246;lcsi imperat&#237;vuszk&#233;nt kereteznek &#8211;, ezzel a m&#225;sik oldalr&#243;l reproduk&#225;lva ugyanazt a manicheus megosztotts&#225;got. A v&#225;laszt&#225;sok ebben a nyelvezetben nem j&#246;v&#337;k&#233;pek verseng&#233;sei, hanem megtisztul&#225;si ritu&#225;l&#233;k. Innen az a z&#225;r&#243; felh&#237;v&#225;s, hogy &#8222;b&#250;cs&#250;zzunk el a fegyverekt&#337;l&#8230; legk&#233;s&#337;bb j&#246;v&#337; &#225;prilisig&#8221; &#8211; amely implicit m&#243;don a k&#246;zelg&#337; szavaz&#225;st polg&#225;ri lefegyverz&#233;sk&#233;nt keretezi &#250;jra.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Strat&#233;giai funkci&#243; &#233;s demokratikus &#225;r</h3><p>Strat&#233;giailag ez a megk&#246;zel&#237;t&#233;s megszil&#225;rd&#237;tja a csoporton bel&#252;li koh&#233;zi&#243;t, biztons&#225;gi jelz&#233;sekkel tel&#237;ti a napirendet, &#233;s kiszor&#237;tja az &#246;sszetett szakpolitikai vit&#225;t. A demokratikus &#225;r azonban magas: az ellenz&#233;ket delegitim&#225;lj&#225;k, a politik&#225;t moraliz&#225;lj&#225;k, a pluralizmust pedig ellapos&#237;tj&#225;k. A stabilit&#225;st fetisiz&#225;lj&#225;k; a megfontol&#225;s elsorvad.</p><div><hr></div><h3>K&#246;vetkeztet&#233;s</h3><p>Orb&#225;n 2015 ut&#225;ni j&#225;t&#233;kk&#246;nyve alapvet&#337;en schmittinek t&#369;nik: t&#246;meges k&#246;z&#246;ns&#233;gre m&#233;retezett bar&#225;t&#8211;ellens&#233;g politika. A m&#225;rka&#233;p&#237;t&#233;st egy bar&#225;t&#8211;ellens&#233;g keretre cser&#233;lni &#8211; be&#233;p&#237;tett azonnali jellemgyilkoss&#225;ggal &#8211; megnyeri a v&#225;laszt&#225;sokat, de &#225;talak&#237;tja a demokratikus terepet. Az ellenz&#233;k ugyanazt az utat k&#246;veti, <strong>r&#233;szt vesz abban a logik&#225;ban, amelyet el&#237;t&#233;l.</strong></p><p>Egy ilyen keretben Orb&#225;nt nemcsak jel&#246;ltk&#233;nt, hanem a nemzeti t&#250;l&#233;l&#233;s garant&#337;rek&#233;nt &#225;ll&#237;tj&#225;k be &#8211; egy olyan poz&#237;ci&#243;, amely biztos&#237;tja a hegem&#243;ni&#225;t, mik&#246;zben al&#225;&#225;ssa a val&#243;di demokratikus verseng&#233;s felt&#233;teleit.</p><p>El&#337;sz&#246;r is, <strong>a nyilv&#225;nos besz&#233;d besz&#369;k&#252;l</strong>: a biztons&#225;gi k&#243;dol&#225;s&#250; jelz&#233;sek &#233;s az erk&#246;lcsi kett&#337;ss&#233;gek kiszor&#237;tj&#225;k a szakpolitikai &#233;rvel&#233;st, megemelve a m&#225;sk&#233;nt gondolkod&#225;s &#225;r&#225;t, &#233;s a megfontol&#225;s helyett a performat&#237;v felh&#225;borod&#225;st jutalmazva.</p><p>M&#225;sodszor, <strong>a pluralizmus elv&#233;konyodik</strong>: az ellenfeleket nem alternat&#237;vak&#233;nt, hanem illegitimk&#233;nt &#225;ll&#237;tj&#225;k be, &#237;gy a verseny megtisztul&#225;ss&#225; v&#225;lik, nem meggy&#337;z&#233;ss&#233;.</p><p>Harmadszor, <strong>az int&#233;zm&#233;nyek a kiv&#233;tel fel&#233; hajlanak</strong>: a rendk&#237;v&#252;lik&#233;nt keretez&#337;d&#337; jelens&#233;gek (migr&#225;ci&#243;, &#8222;Br&#252;sszel&#8221;, h&#225;bor&#250;) normaliz&#225;lj&#225;k a rendk&#237;v&#252;li int&#233;zked&#233;seket &#8211; az &#252;zenetk&#252;ld&#233;sben, n&#233;ha a politik&#225;ban is &#8211;, a sz&#252;ks&#233;g&#225;llapotot ink&#225;bb szok&#225;ss&#225;, mint k&#252;sz&#246;b&#233;rt&#233;kk&#233; t&#233;ve.</p><p>Negyedszer, <strong>a m&#233;dia&#246;szt&#246;nz&#337;k a konfliktus-maximaliz&#225;l&#225;s fel&#233; billennek</strong>, feler&#337;s&#237;tve a kett&#337;ss&#233;get &#233;s zsugor&#237;tva a k&#246;z&#233;pmez&#337;nyt.</p><p>V&#233;g&#252;l <strong>az &#225;llampolg&#225;r auton&#243;mia le&#233;p&#252;l</strong>: a v&#225;laszt&#225;si architekt&#250;ra egyetlen erk&#246;lcsi t&#233;tre (rend kontra k&#225;osz) reduk&#225;lja a komplexit&#225;st, a t&#225;j&#233;kozott beleegyez&#233;st kik&#233;nyszer&#237;tett igazod&#225;sra cser&#233;lve. Ebben a keretben Orb&#225;n nemcsak jel&#246;lt, hanem a t&#250;l&#233;l&#233;s garant&#337;re &#8211; egy olyan el&#337;ny, amely fenntartja a hegem&#243;ni&#225;t, mik&#246;zben al&#225;&#225;ssa a demokratikus n&#233;zetelt&#233;r&#233;s &#233;s meg&#250;jul&#225;s felt&#233;teleit.</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Nem &#233;rtesz egyet? Remek. Nem az&#233;rt &#237;rok, hogy igazam legyen &#8212; az&#233;rt &#237;rok, hogy pr&#243;b&#225;ra tegyenek. Hozd a &#8222;tizedik ember&#8221; n&#233;z&#337;pontodat, a leg&#233;lesebb ellen&#233;rvedet, vagy ak&#225;r egy csendes k&#233;telyt. N&#233;ha az a leghasznosabb kritika, amelyik a saj&#225;t gondolkod&#225;somat billenti ki.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Ne feledd, iratkozz fel a tov&#225;bbi Critical Hungary elemz&#233;sek&#233;rt!</em></p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/markaepitesen-tul-mi-es-ok?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/markaepitesen-tul-mi-es-ok?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/markaepitesen-tul-mi-es-ok/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/markaepitesen-tul-mi-es-ok/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Meierhenrich, J. &amp; Simons, O. (2016). <em>A Fanatic of Order in an Epoch of Confusing Turmoil&#8221;: The Political, Legal, and Cultural Thought of Carl Schmitt Purchased. </em>The Oxford Handbook of Carl Schmitt. Jens Meierhenrich (ed.), Oliver Simons (ed.), Oxford University Press, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199916931.013.26">https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199916931.013.26</a></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Price of Illusionism? A Post-Mortem Audit of Fidesz Inc.]]></title><description><![CDATA[A content analysis of Viktor Orb&#225;n's address to the 32nd party congress &#8212; read as a CEO's report to shareholders after a lost mandate. What does the company say went wrong, and what does it refuse to]]></description><link>https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/the-price-of-illusionism-a-post-mortem</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/the-price-of-illusionism-a-post-mortem</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Zoltán Bodó]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2026 17:01:25 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hA7i!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37fcc91b-0798-40bc-be81-914e4a346c3b_1080x720.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><hr></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hA7i!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37fcc91b-0798-40bc-be81-914e4a346c3b_1080x720.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hA7i!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37fcc91b-0798-40bc-be81-914e4a346c3b_1080x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hA7i!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37fcc91b-0798-40bc-be81-914e4a346c3b_1080x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hA7i!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37fcc91b-0798-40bc-be81-914e4a346c3b_1080x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hA7i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37fcc91b-0798-40bc-be81-914e4a346c3b_1080x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hA7i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37fcc91b-0798-40bc-be81-914e4a346c3b_1080x720.jpeg" width="1080" height="720" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/37fcc91b-0798-40bc-be81-914e4a346c3b_1080x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:143008,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;6 of diamonds playing card&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="6 of diamonds playing card" title="6 of diamonds playing card" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hA7i!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37fcc91b-0798-40bc-be81-914e4a346c3b_1080x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hA7i!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37fcc91b-0798-40bc-be81-914e4a346c3b_1080x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hA7i!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37fcc91b-0798-40bc-be81-914e4a346c3b_1080x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hA7i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37fcc91b-0798-40bc-be81-914e4a346c3b_1080x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h6>ABSTRACT</h6><p>Treating a political party as a firm and its leader as a chief executive, this paper reads a post-defeat party-congress address as management's account of a catastrophic year. A sentence-level content analysis of the full speech (252 statements, 2,708 words, 32 minutes) codes every unit against the four Ps of marketing and three further dimensions: self-versus-other reference, valence, and the attribution and depth of each stated cause of defeat.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> The address devotes two-thirds of its substantive time to the party itself, yet of ten enumerated causes of the loss only one concerns the product, and none holds that the product was wrong. Roughly a third to two-fifths of the causal account is directed outward; among the causes management does own, execution failures outnumber substance failures by close to four to one; and the party's own offer is defended two-to-one over any self-criticism. Judged as a shareholder communication, the document is a competent campaign post-mortem that never audits the product or the brand. The paper reads this as the price of illusionism &#8212; a narrative-first governing model that treats substance problems as communication problems &#8212; visible at the moment the model fails twice over: the illusion stops working on the electorate it most needed, and its author can no longer recognise the failure as his own. It is, in the end, a case of the narrative-only accountability that lets an underperforming chief executive author, and survive, the story of his own defeat.</p><div><hr></div><h6><strong><span>01</span></strong></h6><h3><strong><span>The company, the CEO, and the annual letter</span></strong></h3><p>Imagine the party as a listed company. Members and voters are the shareholders, the leader is the chief executive, the parliamentary group is the board, and the statistical offices and the election authority are the auditors who publish the accounts. An election is the annual general meeting where the management contract is renewed &#8212; or terminated. On this occasion, after four consecutive supermajorities and sixteen years in office, the contract was terminated: the company lost, heavily, and passed into opposition. The congress address analysed here is what the chief executive said to the shareholders immediately afterward. It is the annual letter written after the worst year in the company&#8217;s history.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading Critical Hungary! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>An earlier piece in this series argued that a stable but underperforming political CEO should be red-carded (see <em><a href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/would-you-red-card-your-ceo">Would You Red Card Your CEO? Beyond Stability &#8212; Benchmarking Orb&#225;n&#8217;s Government Against Its Regional Peers</a></em>) the way activist investors force out management that trails its sector for a decade. It ended with a reader&#8217;s question: <em>run a failure analysis &#8212; why did the company end up here?</em> This paper takes that literally. It doesn&#8217;t re-run the economic scorecard; it audits the failure analysis the chief executive delivered himself, and asks whether it meets the standard a board would demand after a miss of this size.</p><p>There is a specific prior expectation to test. An earlier essay on political branding proposed a mechanism: when the underlying product falters, the messaging grows louder to compensate. The 2026 defeat speech is the natural experiment. The product has now demonstrably failed &#8212; the company lost its mandate. Does management finally turn to examine the product? Or does it reach for more messaging?</p><div id="youtube2-MPxE42A2usM" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;MPxE42A2usM&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/MPxE42A2usM?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><div><hr></div><h6><strong><span>02</span></strong></h6><h3><strong>The method, briefly</strong></h3><p>The no frills lens is deliberately a business one: the four Ps of marketing, adapted to a party. <em>Product</em> is the offer &#8212; platform, governing record, leadership, brand identity. <em>Price</em> is the non-monetary cost of choosing it &#8212; taxes, risk, the promises made. <em>Place</em> is distribution and reach &#8212; channels, ground game, digital. <em>Promotion</em> is the communication itself. The frame earns its keep because it separates two things ordinary commentary blurs: criticism of <em>what a company offers</em> from criticism of <em>how it sells that offer.</em></p><p>The full speech was segmented into 252 sentence-level statements, each assigned one dominant P (plus a residual for greetings and ceremony). Because the transcript is time-stamped, attention is measured three ways &#8212; mentions, words, and seconds of airtime. Three further dimensions were coded: <em>self-versus-other </em>reference, <em>valence</em> (positive or negative about one&#8217;s own side), and, for the statements that explicitly explain the loss, the <em>attribution</em> (internal or external) and <em>depth</em> (execution, delivery, or substance) of each cause. Full universe, coverage and per-statement data are in the methodological factsheet accompanying this piece.</p><div><hr></div><h6><strong><span>03</span></strong></h6><h3><strong><span>Where the speech spends its attention</span></strong></h3><p>By airtime, one category dominates: <em>the product</em> &#8212; the record, the values, the reorganisation, the leadership &#8212; takes roughly two-thirds of all substantive speaking time. Read naively, this looks like a company examining itself. That reading collapses once the attention is weighted for <em>valence</em> and located inside the <em>causal</em> section.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9M3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F564ac304-5575-4caf-80ef-54a1d5c36d78_1038x503.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9M3!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F564ac304-5575-4caf-80ef-54a1d5c36d78_1038x503.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9M3!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F564ac304-5575-4caf-80ef-54a1d5c36d78_1038x503.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9M3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F564ac304-5575-4caf-80ef-54a1d5c36d78_1038x503.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9M3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F564ac304-5575-4caf-80ef-54a1d5c36d78_1038x503.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9M3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F564ac304-5575-4caf-80ef-54a1d5c36d78_1038x503.png" width="1038" height="503" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/564ac304-5575-4caf-80ef-54a1d5c36d78_1038x503.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:503,&quot;width&quot;:1038,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:39764,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/i/207535993?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F564ac304-5575-4caf-80ef-54a1d5c36d78_1038x503.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9M3!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F564ac304-5575-4caf-80ef-54a1d5c36d78_1038x503.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9M3!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F564ac304-5575-4caf-80ef-54a1d5c36d78_1038x503.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9M3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F564ac304-5575-4caf-80ef-54a1d5c36d78_1038x503.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9M3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F564ac304-5575-4caf-80ef-54a1d5c36d78_1038x503.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>Fig. 1 &#8212; Share of mentions vs. share of airtime, by category. The two measures agree except for the short ceremonial residue.</p></div><div><hr></div><p><strong>The ten stated causes</strong></p><p>The decisive passage is narrower than the whole speech: the ten enumerated reasons for the defeat. Here the product all but disappears as a <em>cause</em>, its large overall airtime notwithstanding.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h67m!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69a16fe3-add5-4df2-8238-0a5c581041a0_959x242.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h67m!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69a16fe3-add5-4df2-8238-0a5c581041a0_959x242.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h67m!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69a16fe3-add5-4df2-8238-0a5c581041a0_959x242.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h67m!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69a16fe3-add5-4df2-8238-0a5c581041a0_959x242.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h67m!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69a16fe3-add5-4df2-8238-0a5c581041a0_959x242.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h67m!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69a16fe3-add5-4df2-8238-0a5c581041a0_959x242.png" width="959" height="242" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/69a16fe3-add5-4df2-8238-0a5c581041a0_959x242.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:242,&quot;width&quot;:959,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:25399,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/i/207535993?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69a16fe3-add5-4df2-8238-0a5c581041a0_959x242.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h67m!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69a16fe3-add5-4df2-8238-0a5c581041a0_959x242.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h67m!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69a16fe3-add5-4df2-8238-0a5c581041a0_959x242.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h67m!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69a16fe3-add5-4df2-8238-0a5c581041a0_959x242.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!h67m!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69a16fe3-add5-4df2-8238-0a5c581041a0_959x242.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>Fig. 2 &#8212; One of ten enumerated causes addresses the product; the product is never called wrong.</p></div><p>Seven of the ten points concern campaign execution &#8212; the message and the channels (which is not a coincidence at all, since after a few years of persuasive branding Orb&#225;n&#8217;s communication hardened into propaganda, wrote about this <em><a href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/beyond-branding-us-vs-them">Beyond Branding: Us vs. Them Orb&#225;n&#8217;s Shift from Persuasion to Friend&#8211;Enemy Propaganda</a></em>). One concerns <em>Price</em> (the opponent&#8217;s unfunded promises against the company&#8217;s restraint). Exactly one concerns <em>Product</em> &#8212; and it does not call the offer wrong; it says growth was not delivered, blames the war and Brussels, and defends the company&#8217;s targeted measures as successes.</p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z-S8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff3e6dabe-bca6-4eb4-afe2-6c48a733a414_1448x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z-S8!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff3e6dabe-bca6-4eb4-afe2-6c48a733a414_1448x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z-S8!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff3e6dabe-bca6-4eb4-afe2-6c48a733a414_1448x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z-S8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff3e6dabe-bca6-4eb4-afe2-6c48a733a414_1448x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z-S8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff3e6dabe-bca6-4eb4-afe2-6c48a733a414_1448x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z-S8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff3e6dabe-bca6-4eb4-afe2-6c48a733a414_1448x1024.png" width="1448" height="1024" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f3e6dabe-bca6-4eb4-afe2-6c48a733a414_1448x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:1448,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:129286,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/i/207535993?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f7fc53b-73e6-4fbc-a11c-6a0dc099a79c_1448x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z-S8!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff3e6dabe-bca6-4eb4-afe2-6c48a733a414_1448x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z-S8!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff3e6dabe-bca6-4eb4-afe2-6c48a733a414_1448x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z-S8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff3e6dabe-bca6-4eb4-afe2-6c48a733a414_1448x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z-S8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff3e6dabe-bca6-4eb4-afe2-6c48a733a414_1448x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Across the entire diagnosis, the company never identifies its policies, its record, its leadership or its sixteen-year incumbency as a reason it lost.</p><div><hr></div><h6><strong><span>04</span></strong></h6><h3><strong><span>Self and other: who the speech is about</span></strong></h3><p>The address is overwhelmingly inward-facing &#8212; about 60% of airtime is <em>us</em>, about 15% <em>them</em>. But the outward-facing material is not spread evenly; it concentrates in two registers, and the split is almost clean.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1u6t!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc4ac263-5540-4814-8621-5f09dd3aefec_1115x487.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1u6t!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc4ac263-5540-4814-8621-5f09dd3aefec_1115x487.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1u6t!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc4ac263-5540-4814-8621-5f09dd3aefec_1115x487.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1u6t!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc4ac263-5540-4814-8621-5f09dd3aefec_1115x487.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1u6t!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc4ac263-5540-4814-8621-5f09dd3aefec_1115x487.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1u6t!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc4ac263-5540-4814-8621-5f09dd3aefec_1115x487.png" width="1115" height="487" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cc4ac263-5540-4814-8621-5f09dd3aefec_1115x487.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:487,&quot;width&quot;:1115,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:36577,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/i/207535993?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc4ac263-5540-4814-8621-5f09dd3aefec_1115x487.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1u6t!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc4ac263-5540-4814-8621-5f09dd3aefec_1115x487.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1u6t!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc4ac263-5540-4814-8621-5f09dd3aefec_1115x487.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1u6t!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc4ac263-5540-4814-8621-5f09dd3aefec_1115x487.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1u6t!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc4ac263-5540-4814-8621-5f09dd3aefec_1115x487.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>Fig. 3 &#8212; Us / them / both within each marketing P&#8217;s, by airtime. The offer is discussed as <em>us</em>; cost and attack as <em>them</em>.</p></div><p>When the company speaks of its <em>product</em>, it speaks about itself (92% <em>us</em>). When it speaks of <em>cost and risk</em> or turns to <em>attack</em>, it speaks about the opponent. The template: characterise ourselves when discussing the offer; characterise the opponent when discussing cost, risk and conduct.</p><div><hr></div><h6><strong><span>05</span></strong></h6><h3><strong><span>Praise and criticism: the valence of self-talk</span></strong></h3><p>The most revealing cut is <em>valence</em> &#8212; and it overturns the naive reading. When the company talks about its own product, is it examining it or defending it?</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8s_9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff549b474-6b1f-433f-ae78-91461f54316b_1091x407.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8s_9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff549b474-6b1f-433f-ae78-91461f54316b_1091x407.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8s_9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff549b474-6b1f-433f-ae78-91461f54316b_1091x407.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8s_9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff549b474-6b1f-433f-ae78-91461f54316b_1091x407.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8s_9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff549b474-6b1f-433f-ae78-91461f54316b_1091x407.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8s_9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff549b474-6b1f-433f-ae78-91461f54316b_1091x407.png" width="1091" height="407" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f549b474-6b1f-433f-ae78-91461f54316b_1091x407.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:407,&quot;width&quot;:1091,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:29733,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/i/207535993?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2d5b630-c564-4bc2-abeb-ed825b621ec8_1091x476.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8s_9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff549b474-6b1f-433f-ae78-91461f54316b_1091x407.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8s_9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff549b474-6b1f-433f-ae78-91461f54316b_1091x407.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8s_9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff549b474-6b1f-433f-ae78-91461f54316b_1091x407.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8s_9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff549b474-6b1f-433f-ae78-91461f54316b_1091x407.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>Fig. 4 &#8212; Positive vs. negative self-talk, by airtime seconds. Product is defended; Place and Promotion carry the self-criticism; Price is never faulted.</p></div><p><em>Product</em> is the <em>defence showcase</em>: self-talk about the offer runs better than two-to-one <em>positive</em>. The two-thirds of airtime spent on <em>Product</em> is overwhelmingly the company <em>defending</em> its offer, not interrogating it. <em>Price</em> is <em>never faulted</em> at all. <em>Place</em> and <em>Promotion</em> are the <em>confession booth</em> &#8212; but the self-criticism there is small in volume, and <em>Promotion&#8217;s</em> airtime is dominated by attacking the opponent, not self-examination.</p><div><hr></div><h6><strong><span>06</span></strong></h6><h3><strong><span>Attribution and depth: the anatomy of the excuse</span></strong></h3><p>Coding the causal statements by <em>where</em> the fault sits and <em>what kind</em> of fault it is completes the picture.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AxD9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7663aee-b513-4583-a1e2-a3fc21608459_1162x378.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AxD9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7663aee-b513-4583-a1e2-a3fc21608459_1162x378.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AxD9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7663aee-b513-4583-a1e2-a3fc21608459_1162x378.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AxD9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7663aee-b513-4583-a1e2-a3fc21608459_1162x378.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AxD9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7663aee-b513-4583-a1e2-a3fc21608459_1162x378.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AxD9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7663aee-b513-4583-a1e2-a3fc21608459_1162x378.png" width="1162" height="378" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c7663aee-b513-4583-a1e2-a3fc21608459_1162x378.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:378,&quot;width&quot;:1162,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:41026,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/i/207535993?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7663aee-b513-4583-a1e2-a3fc21608459_1162x378.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AxD9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7663aee-b513-4583-a1e2-a3fc21608459_1162x378.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AxD9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7663aee-b513-4583-a1e2-a3fc21608459_1162x378.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AxD9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7663aee-b513-4583-a1e2-a3fc21608459_1162x378.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AxD9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7663aee-b513-4583-a1e2-a3fc21608459_1162x378.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>Fig. 5 &#8212; Attribution of causes (by words) and depth among self-attributed causes. Roughly a third to 40% is directed outward; substance is the smallest share.</p></div><p>Two of every five words explaining the defeat locate its cause outside the company &#8212; the war, Brussels, the algorithms, the opponent. And of the causes management <em>does</em> own, the overwhelming majority concern execution, not substance. Even the thin <em>substance</em> sliver is weaker than it looks: two statements concede that voters <em>rejected</em> the offer rather than that the offer was wrong; one reframes the refusal to over-promise as a virtue; the only unambiguous substance critique concerns the <em>message</em>, not the offer.</p><p>Lay the four Ps against how each is treated, and one cell is empty.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0wf5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3db6d929-8864-4af7-919a-eecdb6e1cb0c_1101x450.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0wf5!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3db6d929-8864-4af7-919a-eecdb6e1cb0c_1101x450.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0wf5!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3db6d929-8864-4af7-919a-eecdb6e1cb0c_1101x450.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0wf5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3db6d929-8864-4af7-919a-eecdb6e1cb0c_1101x450.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0wf5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3db6d929-8864-4af7-919a-eecdb6e1cb0c_1101x450.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0wf5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3db6d929-8864-4af7-919a-eecdb6e1cb0c_1101x450.png" width="1101" height="450" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3db6d929-8864-4af7-919a-eecdb6e1cb0c_1101x450.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:450,&quot;width&quot;:1101,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:44774,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/i/207535993?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3db6d929-8864-4af7-919a-eecdb6e1cb0c_1101x450.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0wf5!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3db6d929-8864-4af7-919a-eecdb6e1cb0c_1101x450.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0wf5!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3db6d929-8864-4af7-919a-eecdb6e1cb0c_1101x450.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0wf5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3db6d929-8864-4af7-919a-eecdb6e1cb0c_1101x450.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0wf5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3db6d929-8864-4af7-919a-eecdb6e1cb0c_1101x450.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>Fig. 6 &#8212; Coverage matrix of the causal statements (counts). The product-substance-admitted cell is empty; brand generates no causal statement at all.</p></div><div><hr></div><h3><strong>The &#8220;company&#8221; talks, at length and with feeling, about almost everything except whether anyone still wanted what it was selling.</strong></h3><div><hr></div><h6><strong><span>07</span></strong></h6><h3><strong><span>The audit: grading the post-mortem</span></strong></h3><p>A board reading a CEO&#8217;s account of a catastrophic year applies a few tests. The content analysis answers each, and the answers are consistent.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nE7o!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98474749-5a6a-42f3-85d2-558c70b05bbe_1456x952.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nE7o!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98474749-5a6a-42f3-85d2-558c70b05bbe_1456x952.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nE7o!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98474749-5a6a-42f3-85d2-558c70b05bbe_1456x952.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nE7o!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98474749-5a6a-42f3-85d2-558c70b05bbe_1456x952.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nE7o!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98474749-5a6a-42f3-85d2-558c70b05bbe_1456x952.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nE7o!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98474749-5a6a-42f3-85d2-558c70b05bbe_1456x952.png" width="1456" height="952" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/98474749-5a6a-42f3-85d2-558c70b05bbe_1456x952.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:952,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:156871,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/i/207535993?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cc563d8-66ba-4c33-8d91-12b24be7ed8d_1456x952.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nE7o!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98474749-5a6a-42f3-85d2-558c70b05bbe_1456x952.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nE7o!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98474749-5a6a-42f3-85d2-558c70b05bbe_1456x952.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nE7o!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98474749-5a6a-42f3-85d2-558c70b05bbe_1456x952.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nE7o!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98474749-5a6a-42f3-85d2-558c70b05bbe_1456x952.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Two rows connect the marketing evidence to the wider argument this series has built. The <em>values gap</em> is an Argyris-style split between espoused values and behaviour, and here it&#8217;s measurable: the speech espouses humility and personal responsibility while the coded behaviour defends the product two-to-one and directs two-fifths of the blame outward &#8212; the same low-accountability leadership culture, caught in a single specimen. The <em>turnaround</em> is a Kotter question: the reorganisation changes the operating culture and the org chart, not the offer or the strategy. Management is fixing the factory, not the product.</p><p>The marketing frame that explains the company&#8217;s rise also locates its predicament.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3sUi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e3b5a09-3bbb-46bc-8c00-2a5ff96799ad_992x533.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3sUi!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e3b5a09-3bbb-46bc-8c00-2a5ff96799ad_992x533.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3sUi!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e3b5a09-3bbb-46bc-8c00-2a5ff96799ad_992x533.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3sUi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e3b5a09-3bbb-46bc-8c00-2a5ff96799ad_992x533.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3sUi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e3b5a09-3bbb-46bc-8c00-2a5ff96799ad_992x533.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3sUi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e3b5a09-3bbb-46bc-8c00-2a5ff96799ad_992x533.png" width="992" height="533" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7e3b5a09-3bbb-46bc-8c00-2a5ff96799ad_992x533.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:533,&quot;width&quot;:992,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:61141,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/i/207535993?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e3b5a09-3bbb-46bc-8c00-2a5ff96799ad_992x533.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3sUi!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e3b5a09-3bbb-46bc-8c00-2a5ff96799ad_992x533.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3sUi!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e3b5a09-3bbb-46bc-8c00-2a5ff96799ad_992x533.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3sUi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e3b5a09-3bbb-46bc-8c00-2a5ff96799ad_992x533.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3sUi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e3b5a09-3bbb-46bc-8c00-2a5ff96799ad_992x533.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>Fig. 7 &#8212; Brand health &#215; product quality: the four loss archetypes. The autopsy confronts neither axis.</p></div><p>A defeated incumbent has to confront one axis or the other to diagnose itself honestly. This autopsy confronts neither: it defends the product as a set of successes and treats the brand&#8217;s reputation as something done to the company from outside.</p><div><hr></div><h6><strong><span>08</span></strong></h6><h3><strong><span>The prediction, confirmed and the illusion</span></strong></h3><p>Recall the mechanism proposed before the defeat: when the product falters, the messaging grows louder. The 2026 speech is the test, and it passes cleanly. The product has now failed in the only way that is unarguable &#8212; the company lost its mandate &#8212; and management&#8217;s response is to defend the product two-to-one and to concentrate its largest outward effort in <em>attack</em> messaging: the opponent&#8217;s wealth, the luxury cars, the show-trials. Faced with a product failure, the company reaches for more <em>Promotion</em>, not a product reckoning. A claim made about a party at the height of its dominance is borne out, measurably, in the speech it gave on the way down.</p><p>This is what it means to call the model <em>illusionist</em>. Illusionism is not lying; it is the habit of treating a substance problem as a communication problem &#8212; of trusting that how a thing is presented can stand in for what it is. For sixteen years the habit paid, and paid handsomely: four supermajorities are not won by weak communicators, and it would be a mistake to wave the craft away as mere spin. But illusions have two ways of failing, and the speech shows both. The first is that the trick stops working on the audience &#8212; and it stopped precisely where narrative is hardest to stage-manage, among the young and in the digital space the company itself concedes it lost. The second, quieter and more dangerous, is that the illusionist starts to believe his own illusion: after years of governing by story, the machinery can no longer tell the story from the substance, and so it cannot see that what failed was the product, not the pitch.</p><div><hr></div><h6><strong><span>09</span></strong></h6><h3><strong><span>Conclusion</span></strong></h3><p>Judged as what it is &#8212; a CEO&#8217;s report to shareholders after the worst result in the company&#8217;s history &#8212; this address is a competent, even candid, <em>campaign</em> post-mortem. It owns the execution failures; the CEO accepts personal responsibility for strategic error; the rebuild is genuine. But it never audits the product, never faults the price, never concedes the brand, and it externalises two of every five words of explanation. The one thing a post-mortem exists to establish &#8212; whether the company still makes something people want &#8212; is the one thing it does not examine.</p><p>That is the price of illusionism, and it arrives in two instalments. The first was the defeat itself: govern by narrative long enough and the gap between the story and the substance widens until, in the arenas you can least stage-manage, reality breaks through. The honest version of this claim is narrow &#8212; illusionism did not <em>cause</em> the loss on its own; incumbency fatigue, a capable challenger and real economic weather all played their parts. What illusionism did was let a substance problem compound unaddressed, and delay the reckoning until the bill came due all at once. The second instalment is the one this study actually measures: even now, with the bill delivered, the company cannot name the problem. Handed the clearest substance verdict there is &#8212; a lost mandate &#8212; it still diagnoses a marketing failure. The illusionist has come to believe his own trick, and a firm that cannot see why it failed cannot fix what failed.</p><p>That such a document can be delivered, and its author keep his position, is not a quirk of one speech. It is the predictable output of a system in which the shareholders meet once every four years, the board is captive, the auditors are ignored, and there is no mechanism of recall. Give management sole authorship of the story of its own failure, and this is the story it will write. The remedy is not a better speech, and it is not a better illusion. It is the accountability infrastructure &#8212; binding mandates, published performance, real recall &#8212; that forces a company to look at the axis it would rather not see. Without it, every post-mortem is, in the end, a press release.</p><div><hr></div><h6><strong>Method &amp; Data</strong></h6><h6>A public transcript of the address to the 32nd party congress (~32 minutes, 2,708 words) was segmented into 252 sentence-level statements, each coded for its marketing-P&#8217;s, self/other reference and valence; the 34 statements that explicitly explain the defeat were additionally coded for attribution and depth. Figures are descriptive proportions of a single text, not a statistical sample; all codings are interpretive and published in full in the accompanying methodological factsheet and master coding table, open for re-analysis. A working paper in the Red Card series.</h6><div><hr></div><h6>Appendix:</h6><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MUP5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ce753c2-6dff-4e75-abaa-dd1e3b6f1129_1080x561.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MUP5!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ce753c2-6dff-4e75-abaa-dd1e3b6f1129_1080x561.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MUP5!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ce753c2-6dff-4e75-abaa-dd1e3b6f1129_1080x561.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MUP5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ce753c2-6dff-4e75-abaa-dd1e3b6f1129_1080x561.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MUP5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ce753c2-6dff-4e75-abaa-dd1e3b6f1129_1080x561.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MUP5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ce753c2-6dff-4e75-abaa-dd1e3b6f1129_1080x561.png" width="1080" height="561" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1ce753c2-6dff-4e75-abaa-dd1e3b6f1129_1080x561.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:561,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:87424,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/i/207535993?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ce753c2-6dff-4e75-abaa-dd1e3b6f1129_1080x561.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MUP5!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ce753c2-6dff-4e75-abaa-dd1e3b6f1129_1080x561.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MUP5!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ce753c2-6dff-4e75-abaa-dd1e3b6f1129_1080x561.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MUP5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ce753c2-6dff-4e75-abaa-dd1e3b6f1129_1080x561.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MUP5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ce753c2-6dff-4e75-abaa-dd1e3b6f1129_1080x561.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Uk8b!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd257cf06-05fe-49fe-9bd7-de8ee33b5056_1080x431.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Uk8b!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd257cf06-05fe-49fe-9bd7-de8ee33b5056_1080x431.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Uk8b!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd257cf06-05fe-49fe-9bd7-de8ee33b5056_1080x431.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Uk8b!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd257cf06-05fe-49fe-9bd7-de8ee33b5056_1080x431.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Uk8b!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd257cf06-05fe-49fe-9bd7-de8ee33b5056_1080x431.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Uk8b!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd257cf06-05fe-49fe-9bd7-de8ee33b5056_1080x431.png" width="1080" height="431" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Uk8b!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd257cf06-05fe-49fe-9bd7-de8ee33b5056_1080x431.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Uk8b!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd257cf06-05fe-49fe-9bd7-de8ee33b5056_1080x431.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Uk8b!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd257cf06-05fe-49fe-9bd7-de8ee33b5056_1080x431.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Uk8b!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd257cf06-05fe-49fe-9bd7-de8ee33b5056_1080x431.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_BVD!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6497cef4-3f23-4bfb-8c51-6790c93978de_1080x536.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_BVD!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6497cef4-3f23-4bfb-8c51-6790c93978de_1080x536.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_BVD!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6497cef4-3f23-4bfb-8c51-6790c93978de_1080x536.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_BVD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6497cef4-3f23-4bfb-8c51-6790c93978de_1080x536.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_BVD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6497cef4-3f23-4bfb-8c51-6790c93978de_1080x536.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_BVD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6497cef4-3f23-4bfb-8c51-6790c93978de_1080x536.png" width="1080" height="536" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_BVD!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6497cef4-3f23-4bfb-8c51-6790c93978de_1080x536.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_BVD!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6497cef4-3f23-4bfb-8c51-6790c93978de_1080x536.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_BVD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6497cef4-3f23-4bfb-8c51-6790c93978de_1080x536.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_BVD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6497cef4-3f23-4bfb-8c51-6790c93978de_1080x536.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kS8L!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F342e310e-83d8-4807-9758-9682fa0debd5_1080x397.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kS8L!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F342e310e-83d8-4807-9758-9682fa0debd5_1080x397.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kS8L!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F342e310e-83d8-4807-9758-9682fa0debd5_1080x397.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kS8L!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F342e310e-83d8-4807-9758-9682fa0debd5_1080x397.png" width="1080" height="397" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kS8L!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F342e310e-83d8-4807-9758-9682fa0debd5_1080x397.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kS8L!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F342e310e-83d8-4807-9758-9682fa0debd5_1080x397.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kS8L!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F342e310e-83d8-4807-9758-9682fa0debd5_1080x397.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kS8L!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F342e310e-83d8-4807-9758-9682fa0debd5_1080x397.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ibvn!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43e36db3-25ae-462f-a1a5-e6d671fdb1cb_1080x380.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ibvn!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43e36db3-25ae-462f-a1a5-e6d671fdb1cb_1080x380.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ibvn!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43e36db3-25ae-462f-a1a5-e6d671fdb1cb_1080x380.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ibvn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43e36db3-25ae-462f-a1a5-e6d671fdb1cb_1080x380.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ibvn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43e36db3-25ae-462f-a1a5-e6d671fdb1cb_1080x380.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ibvn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43e36db3-25ae-462f-a1a5-e6d671fdb1cb_1080x380.png" width="1080" height="380" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ibvn!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43e36db3-25ae-462f-a1a5-e6d671fdb1cb_1080x380.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ibvn!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43e36db3-25ae-462f-a1a5-e6d671fdb1cb_1080x380.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ibvn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43e36db3-25ae-462f-a1a5-e6d671fdb1cb_1080x380.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ibvn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43e36db3-25ae-462f-a1a5-e6d671fdb1cb_1080x380.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div 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stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p><em>Disagree? Good. I don&#8217;t write to be right&#8212;I write to be tested. Bring your &#8220;Tenth Man&#8221; view, your sharpest counterpoint, or even a quiet doubt. Sometimes the most useful critique is the one that unsettles my own thinking.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Don&#8217;t forget to subscribe for more Critical Hungary Insights!</em></p><div><hr></div><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading Critical Hungary! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share Critical Hungary&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share Critical Hungary</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/the-price-of-illusionism-a-post-mortem/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/the-price-of-illusionism-a-post-mortem/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>AI disclosure: The author supplied the speech transcript and coding scheme; the content analysis was conducted with the assistance of an AI language model (Claude, Anthropic).</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[A Leadership Culture That Holds Back]]></title><description><![CDATA[Diagnosing Hungarian Realities Through the Lens of Organizational Dysfunction]]></description><link>https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/a-leadership-culture-that-holds-back</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/a-leadership-culture-that-holds-back</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Zoltán Bodó]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 20 Nov 2025 09:11:38 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8zU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f24c396-594f-4143-8511-c448df0bcba4_1080x720.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8zU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f24c396-594f-4143-8511-c448df0bcba4_1080x720.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8zU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f24c396-594f-4143-8511-c448df0bcba4_1080x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8zU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f24c396-594f-4143-8511-c448df0bcba4_1080x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8zU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f24c396-594f-4143-8511-c448df0bcba4_1080x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8zU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f24c396-594f-4143-8511-c448df0bcba4_1080x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8zU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f24c396-594f-4143-8511-c448df0bcba4_1080x720.jpeg" width="1080" height="720" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4f24c396-594f-4143-8511-c448df0bcba4_1080x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:27625,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;brown game pieces on white surface&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="brown game pieces on white surface" title="brown game pieces on white surface" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8zU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f24c396-594f-4143-8511-c448df0bcba4_1080x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8zU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f24c396-594f-4143-8511-c448df0bcba4_1080x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8zU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f24c396-594f-4143-8511-c448df0bcba4_1080x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8zU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f24c396-594f-4143-8511-c448df0bcba4_1080x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@markusspiske">Markus Spiske</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><em>Hungary is rarely examined as an organization, yet its stagnation becomes stark once we use the diagnostic tools of dysfunctional institutions and look at how its elites lead. In any large organization, leaders shape culture: healthy cultures evolve, align with mission, and build trust and coordination; unhealthy ones, sustained by self-interested leadership, drift, constrain, and quietly sabotage progress. Today Hungary increasingly resembles the latter: elite-driven short-termism, compliance-over-initiative norms, mismatched values, low trust, and a mythology built on survival rather than growth. This is less a national character flaw than a leadership and governance failure&#8212;the result of elites who keep the mission vague and the operating culture optimized for control, not creativity. Until those who run the &#8220;Hungary organization&#8221; treat culture as a strategic asset and commit to a future-facing mission, the country will keep running on an obsolete operating system built for endurance, not advancement.</em></p><div><hr></div><p></p><p>We rarely talk about Hungary as an organization. I did that once with the <em><a href="https://www.marketingcountry.hu/p/would-you-red-card-your-ceo">Would You Red Card Your CEO?</a></em> contrarian essay.</p><p>We talk about it as a nation, a long historical arc, a story of grievances and victories. But if we want to understand why Hungary keeps failing to modernize, we may need a different lens&#8212;one borrowed from organizational science.</p><p>Organizational scholars like <strong>Edgar Schein<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a></strong> argue that culture is not an abstraction; it is the operating system of any institution. Culture either promotes effectiveness or it destroys it. There is no neutral ground. And crucially, as Schein repeatedly emphasizes, <strong>leadership is the primary source of culture</strong>. Leaders create, reinforce, and reproduce the norms that determine how an organization behaves.</p><p>If we apply this (contrarian) logic to Hungary&#8212;and examine it the way Schein or Gareth Morgan might examine a large, poorly led corporation&#8212;the country&#8217;s stagnation becomes far easier to understand. Hungary increasingly resembles a <strong>legacy organization</strong> whose leaders maintain outdated routines because those routines serve their interests. Policy tweaks cannot overcome this deeper cultural-structural problem.</p><p>Below, I use Schein&#8217;s classic cultural diagnostic&#8212;twelve elements widely used in organizational analysis&#8212;to map Hungary&#8217;s operating culture. The picture is uncomfortable but clarifying.</p><p><strong>1. Observed Behaviors: Daily Survival Mode</strong></p><p>Schein calls observed behaviors the &#8220;surface level&#8221; of culture. In Hungary, these behaviors signal an organization trapped in short-termism: survival over strategy, improvisation over planning, and conflict avoidance over coordination.</p><blockquote><p>These behaviors are not the traits of the people; they are outputs of a leadership class that rewards compliance and tactical survival rather than long-term thinking.</p></blockquote><p><strong>2. Group Norms: Compliance Over Initiative</strong></p><p>According to Amy Edmondson<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a>, psychological safety is foundational to innovation. Hungary has the opposite. Informal norms push people toward staying quiet, showing loyalty, and avoiding visibility. Initiative is often punished; risk-taking is coded as na&#239;ve. Innovation is tolerated only if it doesn&#8217;t disrupt elite networks.</p><blockquote><p>This is not accidental&#8212;it is a leadership-produced norm system where predictability is valued over creativity.</p></blockquote><p><strong>3. Espoused Values: &#8220;We Value Hard Work&#8221;&#8212;But Do We?</strong></p><p>Chris Argyris<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a> distinguishes between <em>espoused values</em> (what leaders say) and <em>theories-in-use</em> (what leaders reward).<br>Hungarian elites publicly praise hard work, competitiveness, and unity.<br>But everyday life reveals operative values shaped by leadership incentives: suspicion, defensive individualism, loyalty networks, and informal workaround behavior.</p><blockquote><p>The gap between rhetoric and reality is one of Hungary&#8217;s deepest structural failures.</p></blockquote><p><strong>4. Formal Philosophy: An Outdated Operating Manual</strong></p><p>Schein notes that organizations rely on underlying philosophies&#8212;deep stories about who they are and why they exist. Hungary&#8217;s philosophy, as cultivated by its elites, is rooted in grievance, historical trauma, and defensive exceptionalism. </p><blockquote><p>This narrative once helped maintain identity under threat. Today, it functions like an obsolete mission statement no CEO dares to rewrite&#8212;useful for legitimacy but disastrous for modernization.</p></blockquote><p><strong>5. The Rules of the Game: Loyalty First, Competence Optional</strong></p><p>Gareth Morgan&#8217;s<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a> metaphor of the organization as a <em>political system</em> is painfully accurate here. Everyone knows the real organizational rules: connections beat competence, access beats performance, and &#8220;don&#8217;t challenge the hierarchy&#8221; beats &#8220;fix the problem.&#8221;</p><blockquote><p>These rules are not spontaneous norms; they are <strong>leadership-imposed incentives</strong> that keep the system closed, predictable, and controllable.</p></blockquote><p><strong>6. Climate: A Permanent Low-Trust Environment</strong></p><p>Organizational climate, Schein says, is the emotional atmosphere leaders create through incentives and communication. Hungary&#8217;s climate is dominated by low trust, fatigue, resignation, and minimal expectations.</p><blockquote><p>This climate is not cultural fate&#8212;it is the natural result of leaders treating transparency as a vulnerability and accountability as a threat.</p></blockquote><p><strong>7. Embedded Skills: Improvisation as a Core Competency</strong></p><p>Hungarians are exceptionally adaptive. Improvisation&#8212;&#252;gyesked&#233;s&#8212;is Hungary&#8217;s most embedded skill. Karl Weick<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a> shows that when formal systems fail, people develop makeshift practices to keep the organization functioning. That is I wrote about corruption is a social resilience <a href="https://www.marketingcountry.hu/p/corruption-as-a-form-of-adaptive">here</a>.</p><p>Hungarians are superb improvisers because leadership has failed to build systems that reduce the need for improvisation. </p><blockquote><p>Improvisation is not a strategy; it is a coping mechanism.</p></blockquote><p><strong>8. Habits of Thinking: Pessimistic Paradigms</strong></p><p>Schein emphasizes that organizational paradigms&#8212;the shared assumptions&#8212;shape what people believe is possible. The dominant paradigm in Hungary is: <em>&#8220;Nothing will change because nothing ever changes.&#8221;</em></p><blockquote><p>This pessimism is not a national trait; it is the predictable cognitive outcome of leadership that discourages autonomy, experimentation, and long-term planning.</p></blockquote><p><strong>9. Shared Meanings: Success = Survival</strong></p><p>Weick&#8217;s sensemaking theory shows how organizations define success. In many societies, success means achievement. In Hungary, success often means survival: avoiding risks, staying invisible, minimizing exposure.</p><blockquote><p>Why? Because elite leadership has long rewarded stability over initiative, loyalty over achievement.</p></blockquote><p><strong>10. Metaphors and Symbols: The Romantic Past</strong></p><p>Schein notes that symbols express an organization&#8217;s deepest assumptions.<br>Hungary&#8217;s elite-driven symbols&#8212;heroes, martyrdom, lost territory, eternal struggle&#8212;anchor identity in the past.</p><blockquote><p>This is the equivalent of a company whose leadership constantly celebrates what it used to be instead of articulating what it aims to become.</p></blockquote><p><strong>11. Artifacts: Institutions Frozen in Time</strong></p><p>Artifacts are the visible manifestations of culture. Hungary&#8217;s key institutions&#8212;schools, bureaucracies, media&#8212;behave like legacy systems. They preserve old workflows, resist new ones, and signal stagnation.</p><blockquote><p>These artifacts embody leadership decisions and not public preference that favor control, centralization, and predictability over modernization and agility.</p></blockquote><p><strong>12. Myths and Stories: An Elite-Driven Addiction to Victimhood</strong></p><p>Weick shows that stories are how organizations explain their world. That is why every organization has internal myths. Hungary&#8217;s dominant stories revolve around betrayal, external threats, heroic failure, and permanent vulnerability.</p><blockquote><p>These once strengthened cohesion.<br>Now they anchor the nation to dysfunction because elites continually reproduce them to justify centralized control and low accountability.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Core Diagnosis: A Leadership Culture Misaligned With Any Modern Mission</strong></p><p>If Hungary were a corporation, any consultant using the Kotter&#8211;Schein framework would deliver the same verdict:</p><p><strong>The leadership culture no longer supports the mission.</strong><br>It supports:</p><ul><li><p>survival, not progress</p></li><li><p>control, not creativity</p></li><li><p>loyalty, not competence</p></li><li><p>homogeneity, not innovation</p></li></ul><p>This is not a failure of the population&#8212;it is a failure of leadership incentives.</p><p><strong>What Needs to Change: Leadership Must Treat Culture as Strategy</strong></p><p>Organizational change literature&#8212;from Schein to Kotter<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a> to Amy Edmondson&#8212;is unequivocal:<br>Culture does not change from below.<br>It changes when leaders redefine:</p><ul><li><p>the mission</p></li><li><p>the incentives</p></li><li><p>the norms</p></li><li><p>the stories</p></li><li><p>the symbols</p></li><li><p>the expectations</p></li></ul><p>Hungary&#8217;s elites&#8212;political, economic, administrative, cultural, academic&#8212;have avoided doing this because the existing culture serves them.</p><p>But a modern nation cannot thrive with a leadership culture optimized for a 20th-century threat environment.</p><p><strong>Closing Thought</strong></p><p>Hungary&#8217;s stagnation is not a moral failure of its people.<br>It is an organizational failure produced by a leadership class that maintains an outdated operating system.</p><p>Cultures can change.<br>But only when leaders stop treating the past as a shield and start treating the future as a responsibility.</p><p>Hungary doesn&#8217;t need a new ideology.<br><strong>It needs a new leadership culture&#8212;and a mission that finally faces forward.</strong></p><p></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Disagree? Good. I don&#8217;t write to be right&#8212;I write to be tested. Bring your &#8220;Tenth Man&#8221; view, your sharpest counterpoint, or even a quiet doubt. Sometimes the most useful critique is the one that unsettles my own thinking.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Don&#8217;t forget to subscribe for more Critical Hungary Insights!</em></p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/a-leadership-culture-that-holds-back?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/a-leadership-culture-that-holds-back?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/a-leadership-culture-that-holds-back/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/a-leadership-culture-that-holds-back/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><em>A foundational work on how leaders create, shape, and embed organizational culture</em>:<em> </em>Schein, Edgar H. (2010). <em>Organizational Culture and Leadership</em> (4th edition). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><em>The leading contemporary work on psychological safety and its role in enabling learning, innovation, and open communication: </em>Edmondson, Amy C. (2018). <em>The Fearless Organization: Creating Psychological Safety in the Workplace for Learning, Innovation, and Growth</em>. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp; Sons.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><em>Key theory distinguishing between espoused values and values-in-use, explaining gaps between what leaders say and what they do: </em>Argyris, Chris &amp; Sch&#246;n, Donald A. (1996). <em>Organizational Learning II: Theory, Method, and Practice</em>. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><em>A classic exploration of organizational metaphors, showing how culture, power, and meaning structure institutional behavior: </em>Morgan, Gareth (2006). <em>Images of Organization</em> (Updated edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><em>A central text on how organizations construct meaning, identity, and shared interpretations through sensemaking: </em>Weick, Karl E. (1995). <em>Sensemaking in Organizations</em>. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><em>A foundational framework on organizational transformation and the leadership actions required to shift culture: </em>Kotter, John P. (1996). <em>Leading Change</em>. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Why Hungarian Banks Fought Revolut]]></title><description><![CDATA[Not to Protect You, But to Protect Their Economic Rents]]></description><link>https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/why-hungarian-banks-fought-revolut</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/why-hungarian-banks-fought-revolut</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Zoltán Bodó]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 13 Nov 2025 10:22:24 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1612795459707-1002f77720d2?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHw2fHxyZXZvbHV0fGVufDB8fHx8MTc2Mjk4OTAyMXww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" 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https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1612795459707-1002f77720d2?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHw2fHxyZXZvbHV0fGVufDB8fHx8MTc2Mjk4OTAyMXww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 1272w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1612795459707-1002f77720d2?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHw2fHxyZXZvbHV0fGVufDB8fHx8MTc2Mjk4OTAyMXww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1612795459707-1002f77720d2?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHw2fHxyZXZvbHV0fGVufDB8fHx8MTc2Mjk4OTAyMXww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080" width="4896" height="3264" 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srcset="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1612795459707-1002f77720d2?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHw2fHxyZXZvbHV0fGVufDB8fHx8MTc2Mjk4OTAyMXww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 424w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1612795459707-1002f77720d2?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHw2fHxyZXZvbHV0fGVufDB8fHx8MTc2Mjk4OTAyMXww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 848w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1612795459707-1002f77720d2?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHw2fHxyZXZvbHV0fGVufDB8fHx8MTc2Mjk4OTAyMXww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 1272w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1612795459707-1002f77720d2?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHw2fHxyZXZvbHV0fGVufDB8fHx8MTc2Mjk4OTAyMXww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@sonance">Viktor Forgacs</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><em>Hungarian banks have spent years quietly taxing everyday life &#8212; fees on every move, bad FX, high rates while your HUF slowly evaporates &#8212; and Revolut&#8217;s low-cost, transparent app exposed that it never had to be this way. Now the push to &#8220;regulate&#8221; and domesticate Revolut isn&#8217;t about protecting you, it&#8217;s about pulling your money back onto their rails so that when it comes to real sums &#8212; flats, mortgages, long-term savings &#8212; they can still decide the terms and punish you for escaping their system in the everyday.</em></p><div><hr></div><p>A couple is selling their flat in Budapest. They&#8217;re not rich, not investors &#8212; just moving to a slightly bigger place because they finally have a kid on the way or they. They&#8217;ve been using Revolut for a while: low fees, clean app, instant notifications, great FX exchange rate, no hidden costs. When the buyer signs the preliminary contract, they give him their Revolut Hungarian forint (HUF) account to send the deposit and downpayment. The money arrives. They see it in the app, breathe out, and start planning the move.</p><p>The buyer, meanwhile, goes to his (specific) Hungarian bank to arrange the mortgage for the rest of the price. There&#8217;s the usual process: documents, income statements, approvals, more papers. Weeks go by. Then one day the bank calls him back:</p><blockquote><p>There&#8217;s a problem. First, we can&#8217;t disburse the mortgage to a Revolut account. Second, we cannot accept downpayment paid to Revolut accounts, therefore tell the seller to refund the deposit and downpayment, give you a proper Hungarian HUF account. Once the money goes back and you have a local bank account from the seller, we&#8217;ll continue.</p></blockquote><p>The buyer stares at the phone.</p><p>The contract is signed. The sellers have already mentally moved. The deposit and downpayment is sitting safely on their Revolut. Now his bank is basically saying: go back, unwind what&#8217;s already done, and pull the sellers into our system too &#8212; or you&#8217;re not getting your loan.</p><p>He calls the sellers, embarrassed:</p><blockquote><p>I&#8217;m sorry, the bank says they won&#8217;t pay out the mortgage to Revolut. They want you to give a Hungarian bank account. They even told me to ask you to send back the deposit and downpayment first, and then I should pay it again to your local bank.</p></blockquote><p>The sellers are confused and angry. Why should they open or use a more expensive Hungarian account, with significantly higher fees and worse conditions, just to make the buyer&#8217;s bank happy? Why should they reverse a perfectly valid payment that everyone agreed to?</p><p>But they also know the truth: if the buyer doesn&#8217;t get the mortgage, selling is getting  complicated. So now the bank isn&#8217;t just deciding how the buyer can bank. It is indirectly deciding how the seller must bank as well.</p><p>Not by talking to them, not by regulation, but by holding the buyer&#8217;s mortgage hostage. </p><p><strong>God bless freedom, rule-of-law and consumer rights!</strong></p><p>On paper, this is &#8220;risk policy&#8221; and &#8220;procedural requirements&#8221;.</p><p>In reality, it&#8217;s a very simple message to everyone involved:</p><blockquote><p>You can play with your shiny foreign fintech app for everyday things, but when it comes to real money &#8212; flats, mortgages, life decisions &#8212;you will come back to us, on our terms.</p></blockquote><p>That&#8217;s Hungarian reality in 2025. </p><p>This is what the fight about Revolut looks like, not in press releases, but at the kitchen table.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading Marketingcountry - Critical Hungary Blog! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><strong>For years, being a normal Hungarian bank customer felt like paying a quiet tax on existing.</strong></p><p>You opened an account because your employer told you to (even though, in theory, you have the constitutional right to be paid in cash). You took the card they pushed at you. Every month, a little money disappeared: account management fee, card fee, SMS fee, transfer fee, &#8220;whatever-we-feel-like&#8221; fee &#8212; which easily adds up to a few hundred euros a year. You didn&#8217;t really understand the statements, but you understood the pattern: the bank always gets paid.</p><p>You weren&#8217;t a customer. You were yield.</p><p>The banks did well. Very well. FX denominated mortgage schemes (scams), above-average profits, year after year, in a small market where everyone politely pretended there was &#8220;competition,&#8221; but somehow the price of being banked never really came down. They invested in marble floors, owned glass buildings, branding, political connections &#8211; and called that &#8220;stability.&#8221;</p><p>Then one day, someone at work or in the family said:</p><blockquote><p>Have you tried Revolut?</p></blockquote><p>You download it, mostly out of curiosity. Two minutes later you have a card in your phone, physical card shipped in 24 hours for free, and a balance in an app that looks like it was designed this decade. You test it: top up, pay somewhere, buy a train ticket, send money to a friend.</p><p>And then you see it: </p><p>the FX rate is&#8230; close and not far from the actual FX rate.</p><p>No mysterious &#8220;bank buying/selling&#8221; spread, no hidden surcharge, no &#8220;surprise, we shaved 2&#8211;3% off because we can.&#8221;</p><p>You make a few more transactions. You realise: </p><ul><li><p>there&#8217;s no monthly account fee quietly eating you alive, your notifications are instant, clear, and human-readable,</p></li><li><p>sending money abroad doesn&#8217;t feel like being fined.</p></li></ul><p>At that moment, somewhere deep inside the system, an alarm goes off.</p><p>Because you&#8217;re not just saving a few hundred forints. You&#8217;re discovering a forbidden truth:</p><blockquote><p>being banked doesn&#8217;t have to mean being milked.</p></blockquote><p><strong>From the banks&#8217; perspective, Revolut was never just a &#8220;new competitor&#8221;. </strong></p><p>Competitors they can handle. They know how to copy a product, throw together an &#8220;offer,&#8221; tweak a fee, quietly coordinate. They&#8217;ve been doing that for decades &#8212; at least on paper. In reality, Hungarian banks were never really competing with each other; they were competing in who could milk customers more efficiently. And politics was always there to help.</p><p>Revolut was worse: it was a comparison point.</p><p>Side by side, it exposed the domestic game:</p><ul><li><p>Here is how much FX really costs.</p></li><li><p>Here is how fast a transfer can really be.</p></li><li><p>Here is what an app looks like when the goal is usability, not upsell.</p></li><li><p>Transparent and easy terms.</p></li></ul><p>Every forint you moved to Revolut was a forint that didn&#8217;t go into the comfortable Hungarian profit machine, ultimately landing as a saving to you.</p><p>You started using Revolut for trips. Then for online shopping. Then for saving a bit in different currencies. Then you thought: what if my salary went here? What if I stopped feeding the old bank so much?</p><p>Multiply that by hundreds of thousands of people (actually cc. 2 million Hungarian customers). Now you see why &#8220;regulating Revolut&#8221; suddenly became a national sport.</p><p><strong>Of course, that&#8217;s not how the story was told.</strong></p><p>The official lines were clean and responsible: we must protect Hungarian consumers; we must ensure fair competition; we must make sure everyone contributes to infrastructure and plays by the same rules.</p><p>Some of it wasn&#8217;t even wrong.</p><p>Revolut operated for a long time like a ghost in the Hungarian system: officially a Lithuanian bank with Hungarian customers. Complaints, supervision, accountability &#8211; all a bit abstract and far away. From a regulator&#8217;s point of view, that&#8217;s uncomfortable.</p><blockquote><p>But notice what&#8217;s missing from the speeches and press releases: You.</p></blockquote><p>Your reality in this story is simple:</p><ul><li><p>before Revolut: high fees, opaque pricing, sluggish digital services;</p></li><li><p>with Revolut: cheaper, clearer, faster.</p></li></ul><p>So when the same banks that have been quietly overcharging you for the last 30 years suddenly discover their inner consumer-rights activist, you&#8217;re allowed to be suspicious. Those banks who are not failing on the rule of law (i.e. FX denominated mortgages)</p><p>Because if this was really about you, the logic would be:</p><blockquote><p>Revolut proves the old price level is indefensible.</p></blockquote><p>Let&#8217;s regulate Revolut properly and force domestic banks to match or beat its value.</p><p>But that&#8217;s not what happened. It never happens in Hungary.</p><p>Instead, the energy went into pulling Revolut into the same cage: same domestic obligations, same infrastructure burdens, same regulatory leash. The goal is not to lift everyone up to the Revolut standard; the goal is to drag Revolut down into the old ecosystem where banks set the terms and you adjust.</p><p><strong>Look at the ATM debate. It&#8217;s a perfect example.</strong></p><p>Banks began talking about how Revolut was &#8220;free riding&#8221; on their ATM networks. Revolut customers withdraw cash from Hungarian ATMs, they said, but Revolut doesn&#8217;t pay to build or maintain those machines. That&#8217;s unfair, that distorts competition, they argued.</p><p>Technically, there&#8217;s a point there.</p><p>But notice how &#8212; overnight &#8212; the Hungarian ATM network stops being just infrastructure and becomes a moral weapon. Suddenly the big banks are protectors of fairness, defenders of investment, guardians of cash access in rural areas.</p><p>Not one of them opens with the more honest line:</p><blockquote><p>We&#8217;re upset because we built a system that lets us charge you a lot for basic services, and now some foreign app is teaching you that this was never inevitable.</p></blockquote><p><strong>And then there&#8217;s the politics.</strong></p><p>Hungary&#8217;s banking system isn&#8217;t just a market. It&#8217;s part utility, part political instrument. Banks are expected to help implement government and political schemes, channel subsidies, support &#8220;national strategic goals.&#8221; In exchange, they get a certain protection from reality. It&#8217;s a strategic partnership with politics!</p><p>Revolut doesn&#8217;t fit into that pact. It doesn&#8217;t care who&#8217;s in power. It doesn&#8217;t promise to support some flagship loan scheme. It just offers you an account that&#8217;s cheaper and better. At least till now!</p><p>From the state&#8217;s perspective, the more people move their money, salaries, and savings to Revolut, the more financial life escapes the domestic web of influence and data. That&#8217;s uncomfortable.</p><p>So &#8220;consumer protection&#8221; becomes a very convenient language for something else: reasserting control over a chunk of financial life that was slipping away.</p><p><strong>Where does this leave you?</strong></p><p>On paper, you&#8217;re supposed to be better off. Revolut is finally opening a proper Hungarian branch. You get a Hungarian account, Hungarian National Bank control, clearer local supervision, easier salary payments. It becomes a &#8220;real&#8221; Hungarian bank.</p><p>But here&#8217;s the contrarian fear:</p><ul><li><p>Revolut gets domesticated, normalised, tied into local obligations.</p></li><li><p>Domestic banks keep their habits, maybe making just enough cosmetic changes to claim they&#8217;re &#8220;innovating&#8221; (they already started to copy Revolut solutions).</p></li><li><p>The gap between them narrows &#8211; not because Hungarian banks seriously improve, but because Revolut is slowly pushed to look and behave like them.</p></li></ul><p>The rebellion becomes a brand. The app remains, but the escape route starts to close.</p><p>So yes, you&#8217;re right to say:</p><blockquote><p>Revolut was not milking the customers as banks do. Hungarian banks do what they want, make above-average profits.</p></blockquote><p>That&#8217;s the core of the story.</p><p>Hungarian banks did everything they could to regulate Revolut not because they suddenly care too much about you, but because for the first time in a long time, you had an option that didn&#8217;t feed their margins.</p><p>Revolut, with all its flaws, was a quiet consumer revolt in app form.</p><p>The real question now is simple and brutal:</p><p>Now that they&#8217;ve dragged the revolt into the tent and called it &#8220;regulation&#8221;,</p><p>will they be forced to change with it &#8212;</p><p>or will they simply change it and leave you right where you started?</p><p><em>On that day Revolut turns Devolut!</em></p><p></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Disagree? Good. I don&#8217;t write to be right&#8212;I write to be tested. Bring your &#8220;Tenth Man&#8221; view, your sharpest counterpoint, or even a quiet doubt. Sometimes the most useful critique is the one that unsettles my own thinking.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Don&#8217;t forget to subscribe for more Critical Hungary Insights!</em></p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/why-hungarian-banks-fought-revolut?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" 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isPermaLink="false">https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/the-cruel-optimism-of-orbans-work</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Zoltán Bodó]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 05 Nov 2025 12:02:52 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ELEA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b5c57bd-df91-4def-bced-925b920f13a5_1080x827.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ELEA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b5c57bd-df91-4def-bced-925b920f13a5_1080x827.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ELEA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b5c57bd-df91-4def-bced-925b920f13a5_1080x827.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ELEA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b5c57bd-df91-4def-bced-925b920f13a5_1080x827.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ELEA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b5c57bd-df91-4def-bced-925b920f13a5_1080x827.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ELEA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b5c57bd-df91-4def-bced-925b920f13a5_1080x827.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ELEA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b5c57bd-df91-4def-bced-925b920f13a5_1080x827.jpeg" width="1080" height="827" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4b5c57bd-df91-4def-bced-925b920f13a5_1080x827.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:827,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:208304,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;grayscale photo of people in a store&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;grayscale photo of people in a store&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="grayscale photo of people in a store" title="grayscale photo of people in a store" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ELEA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b5c57bd-df91-4def-bced-925b920f13a5_1080x827.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ELEA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b5c57bd-df91-4def-bced-925b920f13a5_1080x827.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ELEA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b5c57bd-df91-4def-bced-925b920f13a5_1080x827.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ELEA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b5c57bd-df91-4def-bced-925b920f13a5_1080x827.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@europeana">Europeana</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><h2></h2><p><em>Orb&#225;n&#8217;s &#8220;work-based society&#8221; masks austerity as morality&#8212;a system of meager sick pay, three months&#8217; unemployment, and low-wage public works sold as dignity. Since 2015, inflation has soared past wages and GDP, while the forint weakens and people work more yet own less. It&#8217;s treadmill economics: control disguised as virtue. The alternative is simple&#8212;fair pay, real protection, and a safety net that lifts, not punishes.</em></p><div><hr></div><p></p><p>When Viktor Orb&#225;n announced Hungary&#8217;s <em>munkaalap&#250; t&#225;rsadalom</em>&#8212;the &#8220;work-based society&#8221;&#8212;he framed it as a moral rebirth.<br>No more dependency. No more welfare waste. Just the dignity of labor, the discipline of production, and the promise that every forint would be earned.</p><p>A decade later, the numbers tell a very different story.</p><p><strong>The Myth of Moral Renewal</strong></p><p>The rhetoric was seductive: after the &#8220;debt-based,&#8221; &#8220;welfare-dependent&#8221; chaos of the 2000s, Hungary would rebuild itself through discipline and productivity.</p><p>In practice, <em>munkaalap&#250; t&#225;rsadalom</em> meant dismantling an already fragile social net and reframing poverty as personal failure.</p><p>Unemployed people get three months of support&#8212;the shortest benefit period in the EU. Sick workers face suspicion and low compensation. If you earn &#8364;2,000 a month and fall ill, you quickly fall behind: the allowance is meager, while the Constitution expects adult children to support their parents. Welfare recipients are pushed into state-run public works<strong> </strong>(<em>k&#246;zmunkaprogramok</em>) at below-minimum wages, doing tasks with little training, little dignity, and no path to advancement.</p><p>Message received: work isn&#8217;t a right&#8212;it&#8217;s a punishment.</p><p><strong>The Data: Work More, Own Less</strong></p><p>Eurostat shows that since 2015 inflation has risen nearly 70%, outpacing median income growth (&#8776;50%) and far exceeding GDP per capita gains (&#8776;20%). Meanwhile, the forint is about 25% weaker against the euro.</p><div id="datawrapper-iframe" class="datawrapper-wrap outer" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/DGwcp/1/&quot;,&quot;thumbnail_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e999a3b9-787d-4660-b4bf-5ac8149031dd_1220x740.png&quot;,&quot;thumbnail_url_full&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/635dc8f7-3fc6-4113-9b64-0e2370c200f1_1220x864.png&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:422,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Cumulated Growth Rates - Hungary&quot;,&quot;description&quot;:&quot;Inflation, Median Wage, FX Rates, and GDP per Capita growth indexed versus 2015&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true}" data-component-name="DatawrapperToDOM"><iframe id="iframe-datawrapper" class="datawrapper-iframe" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/DGwcp/1/" width="730" height="422" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" loading="lazy"></iframe><script type="text/javascript">!function(){"use strict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(e){if(void 0!==e.data["datawrapper-height"]){var t=document.querySelectorAll("iframe");for(var a in e.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var r=0;r<t.length;r++){if(t[r].contentWindow===e.source)t[r].style.height=e.data["datawrapper-height"][a]+"px"}}}))}();</script></div><p>Put plainly: people are working, but getting poorer&#8212;at least half the country, for sure.</p><p>The chart says it all: inflation rockets upward while wages trudge behind; GDP growth flatters on paper; the currency slides. This isn&#8217;t the triumph of a work-based society&#8212;it&#8217;s the exhaustion of one.</p><p><strong>The &#8220;Workfare&#8221; Illusion</strong></p><p>The munkaalap&#250; t&#225;rsadalom was never an economic policy&#8212;it was a moral campaign. Its core logic is punitive: those who don&#8217;t work don&#8217;t deserve to live decently. Hence the 90 days of unemployment support. Hence the bare-bones sick pay, the underfunded welfare system, and public works that keep people busy but not upwardly mobile.</p><p>It&#8217;s austerity disguised as virtue&#8212;precarity recast as patriotism.</p><p>In this system, &#8220;work&#8221; isn&#8217;t empowerment. It&#8217;s control.</p><p><strong>The Vanishing Promise of Middle-Class Life</strong></p><p>In 2015, a Hungarian worker could buy more, save more, and travel with less anxiety about the exchange rate. Today, even with higher nominal wages, inflation and FX erosion have eaten most real gains.</p><p>Middle-income households are running harder just to stay in place. Teachers, nurses, IT staff, and factory workers share the same paradox: they&#8217;re &#8220;employed,&#8221; yet perpetually insecure.</p><p>What the government calls &#8220;labor-market success&#8221; feels, at street level, like treadmill<strong> </strong>economics.</p><p><strong>The Workfare Trap</strong></p><p>Public work (<em>k&#246;zmunka</em>) is the model&#8217;s emblem: people are technically employed, yet trapped on poverty wages and reliant on local mayors who decide their fate. Dependency didn&#8217;t vanish&#8212;it was nationalized.</p><p>A real work-based society would reward productivity and protect workers. Orb&#225;n&#8217;s version punishes weakness and rewards loyalty.</p><p><strong>Inflation as Silent Expropriation</strong></p><p>The government loves to boast about full employment&#8212;but not about what those jobs pay or what value they add. In <em><a href="https://www.marketingcountry.hu/p/experienced-educated-and-still-unwanted">Experienced, Educated, and Erased &#8212; No Country for Old Minds?</a></em> I showed that less than 0.3% of listed vacancies required higher education and more than ten years&#8217; experience. The pipeline isn&#8217;t for high value-added work or highly skilled candidates.</p><p>In this &#8220;work-based society,&#8221; inflation functions as a hidden tax&#8212;a silent expropriation that transfers purchasing power from workers to elites. The central bank prints optimism, the government prints propaganda&#8212;but grocery receipts tell the truth.</p><p>Savings are gone. Even middle-income families now rely on grandparents, side gigs, or remittances from abroad to stay afloat.</p><p>The <em>munkaalap&#250; t&#225;rsadalom</em> promised dignity through labor. Instead, it replaced solidarity with suspicion and security with servitude.</p><p>A society cannot build its future on exhaustion. Work, in itself, is not a moral value. Dignity comes from fairness, not from fatigue.</p><p><strong>Austerity Rebranded as Virtue</strong></p><p>In Western Europe, austerity is a policy.<br>In Hungary, it&#8217;s a worldview.</p><p>The <em>munkaalap&#250; t&#225;rsadalom</em> replaces solidarity with shame and turns systemic failure into personal guilt.</p><p>If you&#8217;re poor, you didn&#8217;t work hard enough.<br>If you&#8217;re sick, you didn&#8217;t take care of yourself.<br>If you&#8217;re unemployed, be grateful for three months of benefits&#8212;and a fluorescent vest to rake leaves.</p><p>This isn&#8217;t social policy. It&#8217;s moral theater.</p><p><strong>The Real Alternative: A Value-Based Society</strong></p><p>Hungary doesn&#8217;t need a &#8220;work-based&#8221; society. It needs a value-based one&#8212;where contribution is rewarded, vulnerability isn&#8217;t criminalized, and inflation doesn&#8217;t devour effort.</p><p>The opposite of a &#8220;work-based society&#8221; isn&#8217;t laziness&#8212;it&#8217;s a society that values people:</p><ul><li><p>Work is fairly compensated.</p></li><li><p>Social support isn&#8217;t treated as sin.</p></li><li><p>Security isn&#8217;t traded for loyalty.</p></li><li><p>Productivity flows from inclusion, not coercion.</p></li><li><p>The safety net isn&#8217;t a hammock&#8212;it&#8217;s a trampoline.</p></li></ul><p>The <em>munkaalap&#250; t&#225;rsadalom</em> was never about work. It was about control.<br>And it has worked spectacularly&#8212;just not for the people who do the work.</p><p><strong>Postscript</strong></p><p>When Orb&#225;n boasts that Hungary is &#8220;Europe&#8217;s most work-oriented nation,&#8221; he&#8217;s not wrong. Hungarians do work more hours for less pay than almost anyone else in the EU. They do take fewer sick days, accept shorter unemployment support, and endure inflation and currency devaluation that would topple governments elsewhere.</p><p>But that&#8217;s not a triumph of national character.<br>It&#8217;s proof that a government can sell austerity as morality&#8212;and exhaustion as patriotism.</p><p></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Disagree? Good. I don&#8217;t write to be right&#8212;I write to be tested. Bring your &#8220;Tenth Man&#8221; view, your sharpest counterpoint, or even a quiet doubt. Sometimes the most useful critique is the one that unsettles my own thinking.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Don&#8217;t forget to subscribe for more Critical Hungary Insights!</em></p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/the-cruel-optimism-of-orbans-work?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/the-cruel-optimism-of-orbans-work?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/the-cruel-optimism-of-orbans-work/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/the-cruel-optimism-of-orbans-work/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[From Bulgaria to Poland: An Unequal Escape from Hardship]]></title><description><![CDATA[Why Hungary&#8217;s Gains May Prove Fragile]]></description><link>https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/from-bulgaria-to-poland-an-unequal</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/from-bulgaria-to-poland-an-unequal</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Zoltán Bodó]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 09:00:48 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1638526970908-b18e32b0bc42?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHxpbmVxdWFsaXR5fGVufDB8fHx8MTc2MTY1MDYwMHww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1638526970908-b18e32b0bc42?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHxpbmVxdWFsaXR5fGVufDB8fHx8MTc2MTY1MDYwMHww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1638526970908-b18e32b0bc42?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHxpbmVxdWFsaXR5fGVufDB8fHx8MTc2MTY1MDYwMHww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 424w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1638526970908-b18e32b0bc42?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHxpbmVxdWFsaXR5fGVufDB8fHx8MTc2MTY1MDYwMHww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 848w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1638526970908-b18e32b0bc42?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHxpbmVxdWFsaXR5fGVufDB8fHx8MTc2MTY1MDYwMHww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 1272w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1638526970908-b18e32b0bc42?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHxpbmVxdWFsaXR5fGVufDB8fHx8MTc2MTY1MDYwMHww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1638526970908-b18e32b0bc42?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHxpbmVxdWFsaXR5fGVufDB8fHx8MTc2MTY1MDYwMHww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080" width="5472" height="3648" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1638526970908-b18e32b0bc42?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHxpbmVxdWFsaXR5fGVufDB8fHx8MTc2MTY1MDYwMHww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:3648,&quot;width&quot;:5472,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;a group of people standing in a tunnel&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="a group of people standing in a tunnel" title="a group of people standing in a tunnel" srcset="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1638526970908-b18e32b0bc42?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHxpbmVxdWFsaXR5fGVufDB8fHx8MTc2MTY1MDYwMHww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 424w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1638526970908-b18e32b0bc42?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHxpbmVxdWFsaXR5fGVufDB8fHx8MTc2MTY1MDYwMHww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 848w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1638526970908-b18e32b0bc42?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHxpbmVxdWFsaXR5fGVufDB8fHx8MTc2MTY1MDYwMHww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 1272w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1638526970908-b18e32b0bc42?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHxpbmVxdWFsaXR5fGVufDB8fHx8MTc2MTY1MDYwMHww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@esyle99">Elyse Chia</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><em>Eurostat&#8217;s Severe Material Deprivation fell sharply across CEE in 2011&#8211;2020; Hungary dropped from 23.4% to 7.8%&#8212;a 2020 high-water mark, not a new normal. Since then, pandemic aftershocks, energy/food inflation, soaring Budapest rents, and real-wage erosion suggest gains were scaffolding, not structural. In 2024, KSH&#8217;s poverty lines (~&#8364;5.2k for one; ~&#8364;11k for four) collide with ~&#8364;8.3k/year rent and &#8804;&#8364;7k average net income per person. Contrarian takeaway: single digits were brief; vulnerability hides beneath the headline.</em></p><div><hr></div><p>One of Eurostat&#8217;s most telling indicators is the <strong>Severe Material Deprivation Rate</strong>&#8212;the share of people unable to afford basic essentials (adequate heating, a protein meal every other day, replacing worn-out furniture, covering an unexpected expense, etc.). Unlike GDP or headline inflation, this metric gets uncomfortably close to lived reality.</p><p>Across Central and Eastern Europe, the last decade reads like a social turnaround story&#8212;just not an evenly distributed one.</p><div id="datawrapper-iframe" class="datawrapper-wrap outer" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/i4lQO/2/&quot;,&quot;thumbnail_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/17c41597-cfb7-4826-a1d9-0c8f922a0c6f_1220x740.png&quot;,&quot;thumbnail_url_full&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a72f3eac-331e-4272-aaf0-7a55da6c46a0_1220x864.png&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:422,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Severe Material Deprivation Rate of the Population&quot;,&quot;description&quot;:&quot;Annual Frequency (%)&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false}" data-component-name="DatawrapperToDOM"><iframe id="iframe-datawrapper" class="datawrapper-iframe" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/i4lQO/2/" width="730" height="422" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe><script type="text/javascript">!function(){"use strict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(e){if(void 0!==e.data["datawrapper-height"]){var t=document.querySelectorAll("iframe");for(var a in e.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var r=0;r<t.length;r++){if(t[r].contentWindow===e.source)t[r].style.height=e.data["datawrapper-height"][a]+"px"}}}))}();</script></div><p>Quick scan of the league table (first &#8594; last value in your 2011&#8211;2020 series):</p><ul><li><p>Bulgaria: 43.6% &#8594; 19.4%</p></li><li><p>Latvia: 31.0% &#8594; 7.3%</p></li><li><p>Romania: 29.5% &#8594; 15.2%</p></li><li><p>Hungary: 23.4% &#8594; 7.8%</p></li><li><p>Lithuania: 19.0% &#8594; 7.7%</p></li><li><p>Croatia: 15.2% &#8594; 6.9%</p></li><li><p>Poland: 13.0% &#8594; 2.6%</p></li><li><p>Slovakia: 10.6% &#8594; 5.9%</p></li><li><p>Estonia: 8.7% &#8594; 2.7%</p></li><li><p>Czechia: 6.1% &#8594; 2.4%</p></li><li><p>Slovenia: 6.1% &#8594; 3.0%</p></li></ul><p>The pattern is stark: convergence is real, but it isn&#8217;t equal. A Bulgarian today is still far more likely to face severe deprivation than a Czech. Yet the direction across the region is unmistakably downward.</p><p><strong>Hungary&#8217;s Success Story&#8212;Frozen in 2020</strong></p><p>Hungary&#8217;s severe material deprivation rate fell from <strong>23.4%</strong> at the start of the series to <strong>7.8%</strong> in 2020&#8212;one of the steeper declines in the region. After peaking at <strong>27.8%</strong> early on, the trend bent decisively into single digits. That&#8217;s the headline achievement: single digits, at last. It is also the last year before permanent crisis mode set in.</p><p>Should we take the victory lap? Looking at relative position: in 2011 Hungary ranked fourth from the bottom (fourth-highest deprivation rate) among these countries; by 2020, despite a large improvement in its own rate, it still ranked third from the bottom.</p><p><strong>Since 2020, households have been hit by:</strong><br>&#8211; Pandemic disruption (lost income, patchy support)<br>&#8211; Energy and food inflation (sustained double-digit price rises, despite official caps)<br>&#8211; Housing cost explosion (Budapest asking rents up by well over 50% in five years)<br>&#8211; Wage erosion (median pay lagged inflation)</p><p><strong>Implication:</strong> 2020 is not a new normal. It&#8217;s a high-water mark&#8212;the best the indicator looked before rolling crises began testing whether the gains were resilient.</p><p><strong>Contrarian Take: The Post-2020 Stress Test</strong></p><p>If deprivation truly fell because households became structurally stronger&#8212;higher productivity, better wages, a wider middle class&#8212;hardship should stay low even under crisis.<br>If it fell mainly because of temporary scaffolding (utility price controls, EU transfers, remittances, cheap credit), post-2020 shocks should push hardship back up.</p><p>We don&#8217;t yet have the same Eurostat series beyond 2020 to settle it. But lived-reality proxies point one way:<br>&#8211; Savings drawdowns (pandemic buffers spent down)<br>&#8211; Rising debt-service strain as caps loosen<br>&#8211; Record food-bank demand despite that &#8220;7.8%&#8221; on paper<br>&#8211; Divergence from Poland and Czechia, where real wages held up better</p><p><strong>Inference:</strong> Hungary&#8217;s convergence to low deprivation may already be slipping in practice, even if official indicators lag.</p><p><strong>Why You Should Care</strong></p><p>Hungary&#8217;s deprivation rate is a lesson in how fragile statistical victories can be. Policymakers love the 2010&#8211;2020 trend lines. Ordinary households live in 2021&#8211;2025&#8212;years when hardship is no longer falling and may be creeping back.</p><p><a href="https://www.ksh.hu/stadat_files/ele/hu/ele0003.html">Hungarian Central Statistical Office (KSH)</a> poverty threshold, 2024:<br>&#8226; One-person household: 2,087,879 HUF net/year (&#8776; &#8364;5.2k)<br>&#8226; Four-person household (two minors): 4,384,545 HUF net/year (&#8776; &#8364;11k)</p><p>KSH average net yearly income per household member, 2024: 2,796,704 HUF (&#8818; &#8364;7k)<br>&#8211; Budapest rent (typical asking): &#8776; <a href="https://hungarytoday.hu/latest-figures-show-that-budapest-rent-prices-are-skyrocketing/">&#8364;690/month </a>&#8594; &#8776; &#8364;8,280/year</p><p>Put simply: KSH says poverty is ~&#8364;5.2k/year for one person. Budapest rent says ~&#8364;8.3k/year. Which number rules your month?</p><p>Contrarian conclusion: Hungary reached single digits&#8212;but only for a moment.</p><p><em>Willing to bet on 2021&#8211;2025? My baseline: National averages have stopped improving, but trouble is piling up in certain places&#8212;mostly outside the big cities.</em></p><p></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Disagree? Good. I don&#8217;t write to be right&#8212;I write to be tested. Bring your &#8220;Tenth Man&#8221; view, your sharpest counterpoint, or even a quiet doubt. Sometimes the most useful critique is the one that unsettles my own thinking.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Don&#8217;t forget to subscribe for more Critical Hungary Insights!</em></p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/from-bulgaria-to-poland-an-unequal?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/from-bulgaria-to-poland-an-unequal?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/from-bulgaria-to-poland-an-unequal/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/from-bulgaria-to-poland-an-unequal/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[When Investigations Investigate Themselves]]></title><description><![CDATA[Why Hungary&#8217;s Brussels spy story by Direkt36 reads more political than investigative]]></description><link>https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/when-investigations-investigate-themselves</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/when-investigations-investigate-themselves</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Zoltán Bodó]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 22 Oct 2025 08:01:19 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1589668944320-409833e5ba10?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHw4fHxpbnRlbGxpZ2VuY2UlMjBhZ2VuY3l8ZW58MHx8fHwxNzYwODE4NzUwfDA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1589668944320-409833e5ba10?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHw4fHxpbnRlbGxpZ2VuY2UlMjBhZ2VuY3l8ZW58MHx8fHwxNzYwODE4NzUwfDA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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srcset="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1589668944320-409833e5ba10?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHw4fHxpbnRlbGxpZ2VuY2UlMjBhZ2VuY3l8ZW58MHx8fHwxNzYwODE4NzUwfDA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 424w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1589668944320-409833e5ba10?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHw4fHxpbnRlbGxpZ2VuY2UlMjBhZ2VuY3l8ZW58MHx8fHwxNzYwODE4NzUwfDA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 848w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1589668944320-409833e5ba10?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHw4fHxpbnRlbGxpZ2VuY2UlMjBhZ2VuY3l8ZW58MHx8fHwxNzYwODE4NzUwfDA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 1272w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1589668944320-409833e5ba10?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHw4fHxpbnRlbGxpZ2VuY2UlMjBhZ2VuY3l8ZW58MHx8fHwxNzYwODE4NzUwfDA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p><a href="https://www.direkt36.hu/direkt36-podcast-igy-leplezodott-le-a-magyar-titkosszolgalat-eu-elleni-kemkedese/">Direkt36</a> <em>&#8217;s Brussels spy story piece is vivid&#8212;park-bench coffees, a recruitment push, whispers about pressure on Commission texts&#8212;but it leans on anonymous voices and loaded phrasing, not published artefacts or a clear benchmark for what&#8217;s over the line in a city where allies routinely collect on allies. Published on 9 Oct 2025 as a cross-border expos&#233;, it brands Hungary&#8217;s tradecraft as uniquely malign without showing receipts or a comparative baseline. This isn&#8217;t &#8220;kill the story&#8221;&#8212;it&#8217;s invert the workflow: do the hard analytical and investigative work before the prose. Otherwise it&#8217;s the same old &#8220;their spying is malign, our liaison benign&#8221; trope in a new wrapper.</em></p><div><hr></div><p></p><p>The story painted a vivid picture: Hungarian diplomats under intelligence cover roaming the EU quarter&#8217;s parks, inviting Hungarian Commission staff for coffee, fishing for gossip, and&#8212;in at least one dramatic encounter&#8212;sliding across the table a recruitment declaration to sign. </p><blockquote><p>The lead figure&#8212;known only as &#8220;V.&#8221;&#8212;was said to have headed Hungary&#8217;s clandestine network in Brussels until his recklessness brought the operation down in 2017.</p></blockquote><p>Other vignettes fleshed out the network: another officer, &#8220;E.,&#8221; who after his Brussels stint reportedly reappeared inside an EU security directorate as a national expert; Hungarian officials allegedly pressured by intelligence handlers to tweak Commission reports; and a permanent representation led by future Commissioner Oliv&#233;r V&#225;rhelyi, accused of turning a blind eye. The through-line was stark: Hungary&#8217;s <em>Inform&#225;ci&#243;s Hivatal</em> (IH), the civilian foreign-intelligence service, was not serving national interest but the narrow political power of Viktor Orb&#225;n&#8217;s government.</p><p>Presented in the polished tones of international investigative journalism, the article promised to expose a hidden scandal. Yet beneath the drama, the evidence rests almost entirely on anonymous recollections, &#8220;according to sources&#8221; attributions, and rhetorical flourishes. No expulsion orders, no leaked tasking memos, no administrative footprints. In other words: it lands more like a morality play&#8212;or a political play&#8212;than a dossier.</p><p><strong>The Blind Spots of &#8220;Objective&#8221; Investigations</strong></p><p>Brussels is arguably the world&#8217;s busiest square mile for political intelligence. It packs the European Commission, Council, Parliament, and NATO headquarters into one neighborhood&#8212;plus a sprawl of permanent representations, think tanks, lobbyists, consultancies and security services that quietly trade information every day. In that ecosystem, the line between diplomacy, liaison, open-source intelligence (OSINT)<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>, human intelligence (HUMINT)<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a>, signals intelligence (SIGINT)<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a>, and outright espionage is thin, negotiable and often judged in hindsight. Precisely because of that ambiguity, any investigation that seeks to recast routine collection as scandal owes readers the highest standards of evidence. Otherwise, it&#8217;s political prose.</p><blockquote><p><a href="https://www.direkt36.hu/direkt36-podcast-igy-leplezodott-le-a-magyar-titkosszolgalat-eu-elleni-kemkedese/https://www.direkt36.hu/direkt36-podcast-igy-leplezodott-le-a-magyar-titkosszolgalat-eu-elleni-kemkedese/">The article at issue</a>&#8212;the multi-outlet collaboration asserting that, in the mid-2010s, IH ran clumsy recruitment operations in Brussels, was exposed, and saw its local network &#8220;collapse&#8221;&#8212;invites a contrarian reading. </p></blockquote><p>Not because allies never overstep (they do), nor because consortia can&#8217;t add value (they can), but because the piece leans so heavily on anonymous recollection, interpretive framing, and rhetorical escalation that its own claim to objectivity becomes a live question.</p><p>This essay stress-tests the article&#8217;s evidentiary standards, framing choices, and proportionality. It also asks what &#8220;public interest&#8221; looks like when reporting on historical tradecraft in a city where everyone spies on everyone else&#8212;yes, allies too.</p><p><strong>Take 1. What the Article Claims&#8212;And What It Actually Proves</strong></p><p>At core, the article claims that (a) IH officers under diplomatic cover attempted to recruit EU-employed Hungarian nationals (!!!); (b) one officer (&#8220;V.&#8221;) pushed so aggressively that he drew institutional attention; (c) by 2017 the &#8220;network&#8221; effectively collapsed; and (d) the purpose was partisan power rather than statecraft.</p><p>Some of this is inherently plausible. Allies do cultivate compatriots; services do overreach; specific officers get burned by sloppy tradecraft. None of that is extraordinary. But extraordinary claims&#8212;collapse of a rezident&#250;ra years later, or tasking to serve a single political clique&#8212;require documentary artefacts, administrative footprints (persona non grata actions, accreditation refusals), declassified tasking, disciplinary records, or court-verified facts.</p><p>What we actually get is a chain of anonymized recollections, a handful of vivid vignettes, and a cascade of evaluative language (&#8220;obviously and clumsily / nyilv&#225;nval&#243;an &#233;s &#252;gyetlen&#252;l,&#8221; &#8220;irresponsibly / felel&#337;tlen&#252;l,&#8221; &#8220;like a domino, it dragged the whole system down / domin&#243;k&#233;nt r&#225;ntotta mag&#225;val az eg&#233;sz rendszert&#8221;). Institutions are quoted with &#8220;no comment&#8221;&#8212;standard in this domain&#8212;while the narrative treats that silence as corroborative shadow.</p><blockquote><p>The result is a story that asks readers to substitute trust in unnamed sources for the evidentiary anchors that make strong claims falsifiable.</p></blockquote><p>If &#8220;V.&#8221; truly tried to have a target sign a source cooperation agreement (beszervez&#233;si nyilatkozat), where is a redacted image? If a rezident&#250;ra &#8220;collapsed,&#8221; where are expulsion notes, accreditation withdrawals, or oversight references? If EU security flagged actors, where are document numbers, case IDs, or dates? Absence doesn&#8217;t prove events didn&#8217;t occur&#8212;intelligence is messy and rarely leaves tidy public trails&#8212;but without artefacts, dramatic assertions remain interpretive rather than demonstrative.</p><p><strong>Take 2. Brussels Is Not a Church: Parity of Practice Matters</strong></p><p>One framing pillar claims that &#8220;network-building and information-gathering (<em>h&#225;l&#243;zat&#233;p&#237;t&#233;s &#233;s inform&#225;ci&#243;gy&#369;jt&#233;s</em>)&#8221; of this type belongs mostly to non-EU powers (Russia, China, Iran), not EU member states. That&#8217;s a political framing, not reality. Network building and information gathering based on this is one way to gather intelligence. <em> </em>In Brussels, capable EU and NATO members run some mix of intelligence tradecraft and liaison-based collection against one another&#8217;s policies, intentions, and negotiating positions.</p><p><a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/us-security-agency-spied-merkel-other-top-european-officials-through-danish-2021-05-30">The Merkel&#8211;NSA&#8211;Denmark episode</a> did not happen on Mars: a Danish review showed the NSA<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a>, with Copenhagen&#8217;s help, tapping Danish internet cables to monitor senior EU leaders, including Angela Merkel. Leaks later showed <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/world/uk/us-agency-spied-on-french-presidents-wikileaks-idUSKBN0P32EA">U.S. surveillance of French presidents</a> Chirac, Sarkozy, and Hollande, serious enough for the &#201;lys&#233;e to convene an emergency meeting. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/07/german-secret-service-bnd-restricts-cooperation-nsa-us-online-surveillance-spy">Germany&#8217;s BND<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a> curtailed elements of its NSA cooperation</a> - hardly limited to &#8216;war on terror&#8217; &#8212;after disclosures that U.S. &#8220;selectors&#8221; had hit European officials and firms. And the UK&#8217;s GCHQ<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a> ran the sweeping Tempora program, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jun/21/gchq-cables-secret-world-communications-nsa">tapping hundreds of fibre-optic cables and sharing the take with Washington</a>, effectively vacuuming up European traffic transiting the UK.</p><p>These cases show allied-on-allied intelligence in Europe is structural, not aberrant&#8212;so it&#8217;s misleading to treat Hungary&#8217;s alleged operations as unprecedented. The <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55145989">Sz&#225;jer-scandal</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-7" href="#footnote-7" target="_self">7</a> did not arise from a concerned citizen&#8217;s police report; it bore the hallmarks of a European peer-service operation, underscoring how politics, leverage, and intelligence narratives constantly collide in the heart of the EU quarter. </p><p>If the article claims Hungary went beyond accepted allied norms, it owes a comparative baseline: how, concretely, did Hungarian methods deviate from what France, Germany, Italy, or others have historically considered &#8220;within bounds&#8221; in Brussels? Without that, readers are nudged toward a moralized asymmetry: when &#8220;they&#8221; do HUMINT, it&#8217;s malign; when &#8220;we&#8221; do liaison and networking, it&#8217;s benign. Emotionally satisfying, analytically thin.</p><p><strong>Take 3. From Networking to Espionage: Where Is the Line?</strong></p><p>The piece is strongest where it describes conduct that&#8212;if documented&#8212;would cross the line: payments for sensitive information, an attempt to get a target to sign a cooperation document, or requests for non-public internal texts. But most vignettes orbit the liaison/intelligence gray zone common in Brussels: coffees with compatriots in parks, spot-and-assess mapping (&#8220;tippkutat&#225;s&#8221;)<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-8" href="#footnote-8" target="_self">8</a>, gauging attitudes, trading gossips. None of this is a smoking gun. </p><p>The  legal/diplomatic threshold is not whether a diplomat asks questions, but whether they induce transfer of protected information by means that breach the Vienna Convention and host/organization rules: payment, improper inducement, or coercive leverage. Even then, practice tends to be handled administratively (silent withdrawals, cooling-off) rather than via scandal. If the article claims a breach, it should show precisely where the conduct crossed codified lines&#8212;not rely on the reader&#8217;s moral intuition that &#8220;this felt wrong.&#8221;</p><p><strong>Take 4. Motive Imputation Is Not Evidence</strong></p><p>The sweepiest claim is that IH&#8217;s Brussels activity served partisan power rather than the state. That may be true&#8212;but without access to tasking orders, budget lines, and distribution lists, it&#8217;s inference, not proof. Governments routinely redefine &#8220;national interest&#8221; around their agenda. To show partisanship, you would need documents linking collection directly to political rather than policy objectives. The article doesn&#8217;t provide that.</p><p><strong>Raising the Bar: Beyond Narrative</strong></p><p>Cross-border formats (Der Spiegel, Der Standard, De Tijd) lower risk and broaden reach, but they can create echo effects&#8212;shared sources and frames can mimic independent corroboration. That&#8217;s why method transparency isn&#8217;t optional: how many sources, how many first-hand, what corroboration steps, and which claims rest on a single voice. The same goes for funding or institutional briefings&#8212;if an NGO, OSINT lab, or peer agency shaped the story, readers deserve to know.</p><p>Proportionality matters too. Most alleged events predate 2018 and have long circulated in Brussels corridors. Publishing names, roles, and methods without artefacts risks more heat than light&#8212;especially when the payoff is moral clarity rather than hard proof.</p><p>Language also betrays bias: &#8220;obviously and clumsily,&#8221; &#8220;like a domino,&#8221; &#8220;the domain of Russia/China but not EU states.&#8221; These aren&#8217;t neutral descriptors; they nudge toward condemnation. A rigorous approach anchors claims in artefacts, numbers, and dates&#8212;and tests benign explanations rather than waving them away: routine compatriot liaison, spot-and-assess mapping, organizational churn mistaken for collapse. None of these disprove misconduct, but they prevent narrative inevitability.</p><p><strong>What Stronger Journalism Would Show</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Receipts:</strong> redacted recruitment forms, accreditation notes, expense records.</p></li><li><p><strong>Methods:</strong> source counts; first-hand vs. hearsay; single- vs. multi-source claims.</p></li><li><p><strong>Comparative baseline:</strong> how other EU services draw the line in Brussels.</p></li><li><p><strong>Chronology:</strong> verifiable timestamps anchoring vignettes in time.</p></li><li><p><strong>Provenance notes:</strong> who supplied which document and how it was corroborated.</p></li></ul><p><strong>Why It Matters</strong></p><p>In Brussels, everyone collects&#8212;even allies. Journalism that brands one state&#8217;s HUMINT as uniquely malign while others&#8217; liaison is treated as benign must meet higher evidentiary standards. Otherwise, it teaches the wrong lessons: that coffee equals espionage, that &#8220;no comment&#8221; equals guilt, and that allied collection is an aberration. </p><blockquote><p>Skepticism here isn&#8217;t cynicism. It&#8217;s civic hygiene. If we&#8217;re going to name and shame, we must also show and prove.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Conclusion: Evidence First, Narrative Second</strong></p><p>A stronger version of this investigation would lead with documents, dates, and administrative footprints&#8212;not recollections and rhetoric. If specific officers crossed bright lines, show the artefacts; if consequences followed, cite expulsion notes, accreditation withdrawals, case numbers, ethics files. Otherwise, we&#8217;re connecting dots with the ink of suspicion.</p><p>Hungarian investigative journalism&#8212;at its best&#8212;can do this. Too often, as here, the craft leans on scenes and adjectives instead of data and verification. The writing is the easy part; the real work is collection, provenance checks, adversarial corroboration, and method transparency. Without that, moral clarity drifts into moral theatre.</p><p><strong>What &#8220;working harder&#8221; looks like in practice:</strong><br>&#8226; Publish the receipts (forms, metadata, travel/expense, internal memos, docket numbers).<br>&#8226; Show your methods (source counts; first-hand vs. hearsay; how each claim was corroborated).<br>&#8226; Add provenance &amp; funding notes (OSINT vs. insider vs. institutional; who funded; conflicts).<br>&#8226; Provide a comparative baseline (where conduct crosses law, Vienna Convention, internal rules).<br>&#8226; Offer replicability (timelines, appendices, a small public data room for audit).</p><p>In a city where everyone collects&#8212;friends included&#8212;the burden on any newsroom claiming objectivity is to raise the bar above narrative. If we invoke the public interest, we should submit our journalism to the same evidentiary rigor we demand of the institutions we scrutinize. </p><p>Skepticism toward this piece is not hostility to journalism; it&#8217;s a demand that the work be less performative and more probative. </p><p>Do the hard part first&#8212;the research, analytics and intel&#8212;then write.</p><p></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Disagree? Good. I don&#8217;t write to be right&#8212;I write to be tested. Bring your &#8220;Tenth Man&#8221; view, your sharpest counterpoint, or even a quiet doubt. Sometimes the most useful critique is the one that unsettles my own thinking.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Don&#8217;t forget to subscribe for more Critical Hungary Insights!</em></p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/when-investigations-investigate-themselves?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/when-investigations-investigate-themselves?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/when-investigations-investigate-themselves/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/when-investigations-investigate-themselves/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>OSINT </strong>(Open-Source Intelligence)<strong>:</strong> the targeted, systematic collection and analysis of information from publicly accessible (non-classified) sources for decision-support purposes. This includes traditional and online media, professional publications, corporate and government public records, social media, as well as commercially available data. OSINT differs from HUMINT and SIGINT in terms of source access, relying explicitly on lawful and ethical acquisition.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>HUMINT</strong> (Human Intelligence)<strong>:</strong> the collection of information through human sources&#8212;structured or semi-structured interviews, conversations, elicitation, on-site observation, and network-building. The process involves recruiting and handling sources, evaluating credibility and reliability, controlling for bias, and ensuring legal and ethical compliance. HUMINT differs from OSINT (which relies on publicly available sources) and SIGINT (signals intelligence) in its mode of access.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>SIGINT </strong>(Signals intelligence) is the collection and analysis of information derived from electronic signals&#8212;including communications (COMINT: phone, email, messaging metadata/content) and non-communications emissions (ELINT: radars, telemetry, electronic beacons). Typical methods include wire/cable taps, satellite interception, radio/RF capture, and network exploitation, often at scale via backbone access points. Unlike HUMINT (human sources) or OSINT (public sources), SIGINT hinges on technical access and produces both contentand metadata used for threat warning, attribution, and policy insight; its use is governed by national law, oversight regimes, and international agreements.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>NSA (</strong>The U.S. National Security Agency) is the United States&#8217; signals-intelligence and cybersecurity agency (founded 1952; HQ Fort Meade), responsible for collecting, processing, and analyzing foreign electronic communications and protecting U.S. government networks; it operates closely with partner services such as the UK&#8217;s GCHQ within the &#8220;Five Eyes&#8221; framework and has been central to multiple transatlantic surveillance disclosures (e.g., the Snowden leaks).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>BND</strong> (The Bundesnachrichtendienst) is Germany&#8217;s foreign intelligence service, reporting to the Federal Chancellery. Its mandate is to collect and analyze intelligence outside Germany (counterparts: BfV for domestic security, MAD for military counterintelligence). The BND historically operated major SIGINT sites (e.g., Bad Aibling), has cooperated with partner services including the NSA, and underwent legal reforms (BND-Gesetz) and oversight tightening in the mid-2010s&#8211;2020s following debates over foreign surveillance and selector use. Its main HQ is in Berlin (opened 2019).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>GCHQ</strong> (The Government Communications Headquarters) is the United Kingdom&#8217;s signals intelligence and cybersecurity agency, headquartered in Cheltenham. It is responsible for intercepting, analyzing, and protecting communications to support UK national security, defense, and foreign policy. GCHQ works in close partnership with the U.S. NSA and other &#8220;Five Eyes&#8221; allies. Its capabilities include large-scale interception programs such as Tempora, which taps international fibre-optic cables. Alongside SIGINT, GCHQ also operates the National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC), established in 2016 to coordinate UK cyber defense.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-7" href="#footnote-anchor-7" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">7</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Sz&#225;jer-scandal:</strong> In November 2020, Hungarian MEP J&#243;zsef Sz&#225;jer&#8212;founding Fidesz figure and architect of Hungary&#8217;s constitution&#8212;was caught at a male-only Brussels party violating Covid rules, attempted to escape down a drainpipe, and resigned amid a global hypocrisy scandal.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-8" href="#footnote-anchor-8" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">8</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Spot-and-Assess</strong> (Tippkutat&#225;s in Hungarian intel jargon) phase of HUMINT is about the spotting and prospecting for potential sources. Intel officers map and screen candidates who might have access (e.g., EU staff, contractors, lobbyists), then do light-touch checks&#8212;public info, social graph, vulnerabilities, access level&#8212;to prioritize who to approach. It&#8217;s the pre-recruitment phase of HUMINT: <em>identify &#8594; assess &#8594; shortlist</em> (no tasking yet). As long as it relies on open sources and consensual conversation, it&#8217;s typically seen as benign liaison; it turns malign when inducements, pressure, or requests for protected material enter the picture.</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Phishing for Phools Review]]></title><description><![CDATA[A Contrarian Take on Nobel Laureates Akerlof and Shiller&#8217;s Economics of Manipulation and Deception]]></description><link>https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/phishing-for-phools-review</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/phishing-for-phools-review</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Zoltán Bodó]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 16 Oct 2025 08:00:43 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W1Fr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5a880be-cfad-426b-9616-06ffb160e3e1_1080x720.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W1Fr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5a880be-cfad-426b-9616-06ffb160e3e1_1080x720.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W1Fr!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5a880be-cfad-426b-9616-06ffb160e3e1_1080x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W1Fr!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5a880be-cfad-426b-9616-06ffb160e3e1_1080x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W1Fr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5a880be-cfad-426b-9616-06ffb160e3e1_1080x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W1Fr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5a880be-cfad-426b-9616-06ffb160e3e1_1080x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W1Fr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5a880be-cfad-426b-9616-06ffb160e3e1_1080x720.jpeg" width="1080" height="720" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d5a880be-cfad-426b-9616-06ffb160e3e1_1080x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:30068,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;a fishing hook hanging from the side of a boat&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="a fishing hook hanging from the side of a boat" title="a fishing hook hanging from the side of a boat" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W1Fr!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5a880be-cfad-426b-9616-06ffb160e3e1_1080x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W1Fr!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5a880be-cfad-426b-9616-06ffb160e3e1_1080x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W1Fr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5a880be-cfad-426b-9616-06ffb160e3e1_1080x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W1Fr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5a880be-cfad-426b-9616-06ffb160e3e1_1080x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@kasiade">Kaptured by Kasia</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><em>This alternative book review examines Phishing for Phools: The Economics of Manipulation and Deception by Nobel laureates George A. Akerlof and Robert J. Shiller. While acknowledging the book&#8217;s central insight&#8212;that markets reward manipulation as well as efficiency&#8212;it argues that the authors overstate human gullibility, understate adaptive learning, and underestimate the manipulative capacity of regulators and states. It also highlights a post-2008 shift from hidden deception to open simulacra, where legitimacy itself becomes performance. Applied to the Hungarian context, the analysis warns that a narrative of &#8220;market exploitation&#8221; can be co-opted by paternalistic governments to entrench cronyism and state capture. The conclusion: manipulation is real, but not destiny; agency, adaptation, and cultural resilience matter as much as regulation.</em></p><div><hr></div><p></p><p>This edition is different. Instead of Hungary, it&#8217;s about a book&#8212;one that pushed me out of the shadows, made me embrace contrarian thinking, and become a &#8220;tenth man.&#8221; That spark led to Critical Hungary, where I regularly dissect system blind spots and failures, everyday perceptions, daily distortions and the mechanics of manipulation in Hungary. The aim is simple: add a few honest drops to counterbalance a sea of manipulation and deception.</p><p>From time to time, I&#8217;ll also highlight books worth your attention&#8212;chosen by a single criterion: they help build resilience against everyday manipulation and deceit.</p><p><strong>Some Words About the Authors</strong></p><p>George A. Akerlof and Robert J. Shiller are not fringe critics of capitalism. They are two of the most decorated economists alive today. Both Nobel Prize-winning economists.</p><p>George Akerlof won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2001 for his work on &#8220;asymmetric information&#8221;&#8212;most famously his paper The Market for Lemons, which explained how markets can break down when sellers know more than buyers. He&#8217;s also known for mixing economics with psychology and sociology, often challenging the rational-agent model of mainstream economics.</p><p>Robert Shiller shared the Nobel in 2013 for his work on asset prices and bubbles. He co-created the Case-Shiller Home Price Index, one of the most widely cited measures of U.S. housing prices, and his book Irrational Exuberance (2000) famously warned about the dot-com and housing bubbles before they burst.</p><p>Both Akerlof and Shiller are associated with the behavioral economics tradition: skeptical of pure &#8220;rational choice&#8221; theory and eager to show how real-world markets deviate from textbook ideals. Phishing for Phools is their joint attempt to popularize that skepticism for a general audience. To be fair to the authors, they also point to countervailing institutions, norms, and moral community as partial remedies&#8212;not only top-down technocratic fixes.</p><p>The irony, of course, is that their authority as Nobel laureates gives the book more persuasive power than its arguments really deserve. They trade on credibility to hook readers&#8212;deploying the very logic of persuasion and framing that they claim markets use against us. Fair note: that&#8217;s my interpretation, not theirs.</p><p><strong>What Phishing for Phools Book Says</strong></p><p>Akerlof (Nobel Prize&#8211;winning economist) and Shiller (Nobel Prize&#8211;winning economist, co-creator of the Case-Shiller housing index) set out in this 2015 book to show that markets don&#8217;t just deliver efficiency&#8212;they also deliver exploitation.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v8nG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faf117380-d1b2-44bb-91ac-5d2cafbc9ee7_410x619.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v8nG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faf117380-d1b2-44bb-91ac-5d2cafbc9ee7_410x619.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v8nG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faf117380-d1b2-44bb-91ac-5d2cafbc9ee7_410x619.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v8nG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faf117380-d1b2-44bb-91ac-5d2cafbc9ee7_410x619.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v8nG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faf117380-d1b2-44bb-91ac-5d2cafbc9ee7_410x619.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v8nG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faf117380-d1b2-44bb-91ac-5d2cafbc9ee7_410x619.heic" width="410" height="619" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v8nG!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faf117380-d1b2-44bb-91ac-5d2cafbc9ee7_410x619.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v8nG!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faf117380-d1b2-44bb-91ac-5d2cafbc9ee7_410x619.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v8nG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faf117380-d1b2-44bb-91ac-5d2cafbc9ee7_410x619.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v8nG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faf117380-d1b2-44bb-91ac-5d2cafbc9ee7_410x619.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Their core argument are:</p><p>Markets maximize profits, not well-being. If tricking people is profitable, markets will reward it.</p><p>Humans are psychologically vulnerable. We have biases, emotions, and blind spots&#8212;what behavioral economists call &#8220;bounded rationality.&#8221;</p><p>Businesses exploit those vulnerabilities. From junk bonds to junk food, from tobacco to political campaigns, the &#8220;free market&#8221; is full of actors who win by manipulating, not by creating real value.</p><p>The result is a &#8220;phishing equilibrium&#8221; and not the &#8220;invisible hand&#8221; as we believe to know it. Left unchecked, markets will tilt toward deception because deception pays. For fairness, Akerlof and Shiller also emphasize the role of watchdogs, reputational pressures, and ethical norms as counterweights, even if they argue these are often insufficient on their own<strong>.</strong></p><p>The book illustrates this with dozens of US examples: mortgage lending before the 2008 crisis, credit card fees, dieting fads, tobacco marketing, alcohol, and political lobbying. Each is framed as evidence that, in modern capitalism, consumers aren&#8217;t just buyers&#8212;they&#8217;re targets.</p><p>It&#8217;s a clever inversion of the usual celebration of markets as efficient and self-correcting. Where Adam Smith saw the &#8220;invisible hand&#8221; guiding supply and demand, Akerlof and Shiller see an invisible hand slipping into your pocket.</p><p>George Akerlof and Robert Shiller&#8217;s Phishing for Phools (2015) is one of those books that feels like it was written to be endlessly quoted in op-eds, MBA classes, and Twitter threads. Its central argument is neat: markets are not only mechanisms for efficiency, innovation, and wealth creation&#8212;they are also machines for manipulation. If you give entrepreneurs incentives to make money, they will inevitably exploit our psychological weaknesses. That&#8217;s &#8220;phishing.&#8221; And since we&#8217;re all &#8220;phools,&#8221; we get hooked.</p><p>It&#8217;s an elegant narrative. Almost too elegant.</p><p>The problem is that Phishing for Phools is both obviously true and deeply misleading. Yes, manipulation exists. Yes, corporations prey on human bias. But Akerlof and Shiller collapse that complexity into a moralistic story that ultimately misunderstands how markets, people, and even manipulation actually work. Worse, their diagnosis is too blunt to be useful&#8212;and their implicit prescription is paternalism wrapped in behavioral economics. In fairness, they also acknowledge non-coercive correctives&#8212;community standards, industry self-regulation, and transparency&#8212;that don&#8217;t require heavy-handed paternalism.</p><p>Let&#8217;s take it apart.</p><p><strong>1. Manipulation Is Not a Market Bug. It&#8217;s a Social Constant.</strong></p><p>Akerlof and Shiller&#8217;s big reveal is that sellers don&#8217;t just sell products&#8212;they sell stories, temptations, and illusions. The cigarette industry sells glamour and rebellion, not just nicotine. Banks sell mortgage dreams that end in subprime nightmares. Politicians sell slogans rather than policies.</p><p>But here&#8217;s the thing: this is not a market-specific pathology. Humans manipulate each other constantly, with or without money involved. Parents manipulate kids into eating vegetables. Activists manipulate emotions to rally people to causes. Teachers &#8220;phish&#8221; attention through tricks of rhetoric and authority. Even love and friendship are full of strategic performances.</p><p>Markets didn&#8217;t invent manipulation. They simply provide an arena where manipulation becomes visible&#8212;and sometimes scaled. To single out the market as if it uniquely corrupts human psychology is to confuse the mirror for the face. To their credit, the authors do argue that better norms and institutional design can channel these dynamics toward less harmful outcomes.</p><p><strong>2. Phishing for Phools Overstates Our Gullibility</strong></p><p>The book leans heavily on behavioral economics: cognitive biases, irrationality, and bounded rationality. But it treats people as if they are permanently drunk on cognitive error. We&#8217;re all &#8220;phools&#8221; all the time.</p><p>That&#8217;s simply not true. Yes, humans are biased&#8212;but we also learn. The same person who once fell for payday loans may later become hypervigilant about debt. Generations that watched their parents get scammed by MLMs often develop cultural antibodies against them. Markets are dynamic because people adapt.</p><p>In other words: the phishing equilibrium is never stable. Consumers wise up. Regulators sometimes catch up. Entrepreneurs exploit the manipulators in turn (see: fact-checking businesses, &#8220;truth in labeling&#8221; industries, or simply new firms offering simpler alternatives). Fairness note: Akerlof and Shiller acknowledge some of these feedbacks; my critique is about how much weight they give to persistent manipulation versus adaptation.</p><p><strong>3. Regulation Can Manipulate Too</strong></p><p>Akerlof and Shiller suggest that markets left alone will &#8220;phish&#8221; us into harm, so we need institutional guardrails. Fine. But who builds the guardrails? Governments, regulators, experts. And these actors are just as prone to manipulation, rent-seeking, and cognitive failure as corporations.</p><p>The 2008 financial crisis wasn&#8217;t just about greedy bankers phishing naive homeowners. It was also about regulators captured by Wall Street, politicians hooked on campaign donations, and voters intoxicated by cheap credit. The state was phished too. To be fair, the authors do not claim regulation is a cure-all; they frame it as one tool among countervailing forces, alongside norms and reputational discipline.</p><p>After 2008, something changed. Before the crash, deception still needed a mask&#8212;AAA ratings, sober central-bank speak, ESG gloss, the rituals of credibility. After the crash, the mask slipped. The performance kept going, but belief drained out of it. What we got was a kind of simulacrum: institutions and actors performing legitimacy without anchoring it in reality. Manipulation no longer hides; it&#8217;s flaunted. You&#8217;re not &#8220;fooled&#8221; in the old sense&#8212;you&#8217;re made to live inside the spectacle. That shift matters for Akerlof &amp; Shiller: the problem isn&#8217;t only that markets phish; it&#8217;s that post-2008, the performance of legitimacy itself became the phish.</p><p><strong>4. The Moralizing Tone Ignores Agency</strong></p><p>There&#8217;s a whiff of contempt running through Phishing for Phools. If only people were not so gullible, if only they weren&#8217;t so easily seduced, if only they were more rational&#8230; then markets would function more nobly.</p><p>But that view strips ordinary people of agency. It assumes people are passive prey rather than active navigators of complex environments. In reality, individuals constantly balance trade-offs: the &#8220;irrational&#8221; purchase of luxury sneakers may also be an entirely rational investment in social capital, identity, or joy.</p><p>Labeling all non-utilitarian consumption as &#8220;phoolish&#8221; is an economist&#8217;s arrogance. It reduces culture, desire, and meaning to pathology. That&#8217;s not analysis&#8212;it&#8217;s thinly disguised moral scolding. Fairness: Akerlof and Shiller do not label <em>all</em> such choices as pathological; they emphasize patterns that systematically profit at consumers&#8217; expense.</p><p><strong>5. The Irony: Phishing for Phools Is Itself a Phish</strong></p><p>Here&#8217;s the meta-irony: Akerlof and Shiller&#8217;s book sells by deploying the very tactics it critiques.</p><p>It offers a moralistic narrative that flatters the reader: You are wise enough to see through the system, unlike those poor phools.</p><p>It packages complex realities into vivid anecdotes: credit cards, tobacco, alcohol, dieting fads.</p><p>It casts markets as villains in a drama where the economist-authors play the role of heroic truth-tellers.</p><p>That&#8217;s a classic marketing move. They hooked us with story, emotion, and fear&#8212;then cashed in with bestsellers and lecture tours. A book about manipulation that manipulates us into agreement is a kind of performance art. But it&#8217;s also self-defeating. For fairness: compelling storytelling does not, by itself, invalidate their evidence or examples.</p><p><strong>6. A Better Way to Think About Phishing</strong></p><p>Instead of lamenting that markets breed manipulation, we should embrace a more nuanced view:</p><p>Manipulation is ecological. Just as parasites exist in nature, so do manipulative actors in economies. They&#8217;re part of the system, not external to it.</p><p>Markets are evolutionary. Bad actors can profit for a time, but they often collapse when exposed. Reputation, competition, and consumer learning create feedback loops.</p><p>Paternalism is risky. Overregulation can infantilize consumers and entrench elite manipulators. The cure can be worse than the disease. Fairness: the authors also highlight constructive &#8220;countervailing institutions&#8221; that raise standards without smothering choice.</p><p>Agency matters. People are not phools by default. They are learners embedded in cultures, communities, and histories. Sometimes what looks like &#8220;irrationality&#8221; is actually resilience or strategy.</p><p>In short: rather than seeing markets as phishing machines that exploit helpless humans, we should see them as contested arenas of meaning, power, and adaptation. Manipulation is real, but it is not destiny.</p><p><strong>7. Why This Matters for Hungary (and Beyond)</strong></p><p>This isn&#8217;t just an academic quibble. In places like Hungary&#8212;where my critical blog is rooted&#8212;the &#8220;phishing for phools&#8221; narrative easily morphs into populist economics: the story that markets are inherently predatory, that only strong paternalistic government can protect the masses, and that individuals are too weak to navigate economic life.</p><p>Hungary is a distilled version of this post-2008 world. The state doesn&#8217;t bother with a careful mask; it stages legitimacy as spectacle&#8212;headlines, narratives, &#8220;results&#8221;&#8212;and expects citizens to treat the simulacrum as reality. In that environment, the most effective &#8220;phish&#8221; isn&#8217;t subtle persuasion but the relentless performance of authority.</p><p>That story becomes an excuse for cronyism, &#8220;consumer protection&#8221; that actually entrenches oligarchs, and anti-market rhetoric that disguises state capture. Ironically, the Hungarian state often &#8220;phishes&#8221; its citizens more effectively than any multinational could.</p><p>If you take Akerlof and Shiller too literally, you end up empowering precisely the kinds of manipulative actors their book claims to resist. <strong>To be fair, their focus is the U.S.; I am extending the logic to Hungary and drawing my own conclusions.</strong></p><p><strong>Conclusion: The Phishers and the Phished</strong></p><p>Phishing for Phools wants us to see ourselves as victims of cunning markets. But the reality is more complicated&#8212;and more hopeful. Markets are not morality plays. They are messy, adaptive, human systems where manipulation, learning, resistance, and creativity coexist.</p><p>The book is right to highlight the dark arts of persuasion. But it&#8217;s wrong to frame the public as helpless phools. We are not passive fish waiting for the hook. We are also anglers, builders, storytellers, and, yes, sometimes hustlers ourselves.</p><p>If there&#8217;s one thing worth resisting, it&#8217;s not the manipulations of markets, but the seductive simplicity of books like Phishing for Phools&#8212;the very narratives that comfort us by making us feel smarter while quietly phishing our attention, our fears, and our sense of agency. Fairness: none of this negates the book&#8217;s useful language and many well-chosen cases; it&#8217;s a caution against letting its thesis do all our thinking for us.</p><p>In that sense, the real &#8220;phish&#8221; is not the cigarette ad or the credit card. It&#8217;s the intellectual bait of the moralizing economist. And I, for one, refuse to bite.</p><p>Or maybe I&#8217;m naive&#8230; and need to wake up.<br>Either way, that&#8217;s why I like the book. You should read it too.</p><p></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Disagree? Good. I don&#8217;t write to be right&#8212;I write to be tested. Bring your &#8220;Tenth Man&#8221; view, your sharpest counterpoint, or even a quiet doubt. Sometimes the most useful critique is the one that unsettles my own thinking.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Don&#8217;t forget to subscribe for more Critical Hungary Insights!</em></p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/phishing-for-phools-review?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/phishing-for-phools-review?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/phishing-for-phools-review/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/phishing-for-phools-review/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Beyond Branding: Us vs. Them]]></title><description><![CDATA[Orb&#225;n&#8217;s Shift from Persuasion to Friend&#8211;Enemy Propaganda]]></description><link>https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/beyond-branding-us-vs-them</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/beyond-branding-us-vs-them</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Zoltán Bodó]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 08 Oct 2025 08:01:46 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYYd!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1fac5b3-b17c-403c-b270-76eb037306c3_1080x720.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYYd!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1fac5b3-b17c-403c-b270-76eb037306c3_1080x720.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYYd!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1fac5b3-b17c-403c-b270-76eb037306c3_1080x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYYd!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1fac5b3-b17c-403c-b270-76eb037306c3_1080x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYYd!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1fac5b3-b17c-403c-b270-76eb037306c3_1080x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYYd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1fac5b3-b17c-403c-b270-76eb037306c3_1080x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYYd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1fac5b3-b17c-403c-b270-76eb037306c3_1080x720.jpeg" width="1080" height="720" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f1fac5b3-b17c-403c-b270-76eb037306c3_1080x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:56406,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;grayscale photo of person holding glass&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="grayscale photo of person holding glass" title="grayscale photo of person holding glass" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYYd!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1fac5b3-b17c-403c-b270-76eb037306c3_1080x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYYd!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1fac5b3-b17c-403c-b270-76eb037306c3_1080x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYYd!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1fac5b3-b17c-403c-b270-76eb037306c3_1080x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYYd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1fac5b3-b17c-403c-b270-76eb037306c3_1080x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@grstocks">GR Stocks</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><em>After 2015, Orb&#225;n didn&#8217;t fumble the art of persuasion; he walked beyond branding. When growth cooled and threat signals rose, he swapped campaign gloss for decision design: collapse the noise into one clear stake&#8212;us vs. them&#8212;then pin it to things you can touch and count: jobs, roads, pensions, rezsi. The result wasn&#8217;t louder slogans; it was a simpler choice set that mapped fear to protection and talk to delivery.</em></p><p><em>Critics call it corrosive, and they&#8217;re not wrong about the democratic toll. But the opposition mostly mirrors the binary, casting Orb&#225;n as the villain while offering no equally legible payoff. In a market where attention is scarce and trust is rationed, the winning play isn&#8217;t &#8220;be nicer&#8221;&#8212;it&#8217;s out-clarify and out-prove: one sentence of what&#8217;s at stake, a credible safety bundle, and evidence people feel in their bills and paychecks</em>&#8212;<em>which, unfortunately, is why the us-vs-them play keeps winning.</em></p><div><hr></div><p></p><p>In contemporary Hungarian politics, Prime Minister Viktor Orb&#225;n has cultivated a distinctive rhetorical style that increasingly merits close attention. </p><p>In an earlier essay&#8212;<em><a href="https://www.marketingcountry.hu/p/orban-wins-like-a-brand-the-opposition">The Politics of Persuasion: Strategic Branding in Hungary&#8217;s Electoral Landscape. Orb&#225;n Was Winning Like a Brand. The Opposition Still Hasn&#8217;t Learned How</a> </em>&#8212;I highlighted how, between 2010 and roughly 2015, Fidesz built durable dominance through disciplined political marketing, narrative craft, and brand strategy. </p><p>Yet from about 2015 onward, the marketing compass appears to have shifted: exaggeration, fear appeals, and top&#8209;down messaging crowded out dialogue. What began as persuasive branding hardened into propaganda; vision ceded ground to threat inflation&#8212;particularly as economic headwinds mounted and the &#8220;product&#8221; grew harder to sell.</p><p></p><h3>From Branding to Propaganda&#8212;and the Friend/Enemy Turn</h3><p>From 2015 onward, government communication increasingly adopted an antagonistic binary&#8212;friend or enemy. By Orb&#225;n&#8217;s third and fourth terms, the message architecture had normalized a continuous, war-like posture, staging simulated conflicts against actors labeled &#8220;enemies.&#8221; The move resonates strongly with the work of Carl Schmitt (1888&#8211;1985), the German jurist and political theorist, and appears to draw directly on Schmittian premises.</p><p>In Schmitt&#8217;s terms, this shift marks an intensification of <em>the political</em>: a move from persuasive branding to existential positioning, where collective identity coheres by naming an enemy.</p><p>For Schmitt, the essence of <em>the political</em> is the friend&#8211;enemy distinction: a collective becomes political when it recognizes another collective as a possible existential adversary. The enemy is public (not personal) and defined not by moral fault but by the <strong>intensity</strong> of opposition that may culminate in violent conflict. The point is not that war must occur, but that its possibility gives politics its distinctive gravity and calls for decisive leadership. This criterion also underpins Schmitt&#8217;s notions of sovereignty and the &#8220;exception&#8221;: the sovereign decides, in concrete circumstances, who counts as the enemy and what extraordinary measures are required to preserve political unity. In practice, this logic tends to manufacture &#8220;exceptions&#8221;&#8212;moments framed as extraordinary (migration, &#8220;Brussels,&#8221; the war in Ukraine, disorder) that justify extraordinary measures in messaging and policy.</p><p>Schmitt&#8217;s influence is profound across political theory and constitutional thought; his Nazi affiliation and authoritarian commitments, however, shadow his legacy, making him a thinker many consider indispensable to read but hazardous to admire.  </p><blockquote><p>&#8220;Schmitt left a mark on four different incarnations of his native Germany: the absolutist regime that was Wilhelmine Germany, the failed republic of Weimar Germany, the authoritarian and totalitarian Nazi Germany, and the consolidated democracy of the Federal Republic of Germany&#8221;.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a></p></blockquote><p>Importantly, his concepts have been taken up across the spectrum&#8212;the left, too, adapts Schmitt (e.g., Mouffe/Laclau&#8217;s left-populist &#8220;people vs. elite&#8221; framing and Agamben&#8217;s &#8220;state of exception&#8221;) to advance progressive agendas.</p><p></p><h3>A Contemporary Example</h3><p>The communicative style that once showcased competent brand&#8209;building now tends not merely to oppose rivals but to <strong>annihilate</strong> them rhetorically. Rather than engage policy or ideology on their merits, opponents are often reduced to illegitimate, threatening caricatures. </p><p>Here is one example of an Orb&#225;n&#8217;s September 2025 Facebook post distilled this strategy into a striking binary:</p><blockquote><p><a href="https://pestisracok.hu/forro-drot/2025/09/orban-viktor-bucsu-a-fegyverektol">&#8220;Their weapon is aggression. Lies. Boasting. Incitement. And finally: the pistol. Now not only in words, but in its physical reality&#8230;&#8221;</a></p><p><a href="https://pestisracok.hu/forro-drot/2025/09/orban-viktor-bucsu-a-fegyverektol">&#8220;&#8230;We have no weapons. Our strength lies in our words and our deeds. The 1,000 kilometers of motorways and highways we have built. The family support programs we have introduced. The one million new jobs we have created. The 13th-month pension we have restored. The Home Start program and the utility price cuts. The peace we stand up for day after day. And all those many plans with which we will make Hungary the greatest, most livable, and safest country in Europe&#8230;&#8221;</a></p><p><a href="https://pestisracok.hu/forro-drot/2025/09/orban-viktor-bucsu-a-fegyverektol">&#8221;&#8230;We carry the trust of the Hungarian people. They carry a pistol in their pocket. That is the difference between us. So let us bid farewell to weapons. By next April at the latest.&#8221;</a></p></blockquote><p>Context matters. In mid-September 2025, Romulusz Ruszin-Szendi&#8212;former Chief of the Defence Staff and, by then, the TISZA Party&#8217;s defence spokesman&#8212;acknowledged bringing a legally owned firearm to a public forum. As a high-profile former military leader, he reportedly held a lawful carry licence. The incident triggered a political storm; authorities later intervened and seized the weapon. Pro&#8209;government and opposition media alike amplified images and footage from multiple events where he had allegedly carried a gun. While Hungarian law allows firearm ownership under very strict rules (one of the strictest if not the strictest in European Union), carrying a weapon at rallies or public assemblies is prohibited; even licensed owners can face consequences for doing so. </p><p>Against this backdrop, Orb&#225;n&#8217;s post functioned as a narrative keystone. To be clear, this essay does not dispute the illegality of bringing a firearm to a public assembly; it examines how that genuine misstep was instrumentalized into a broader campaign narrative and a tool of instant character killing. The <strong>&#8220;pistol&#8221;</strong> frame operates as a <strong>mini&#8209;exception</strong>, converting a discrete incident into a generalised warrant for heightened, extraordinary political language. </p><p></p><h3>Instant Character Killing: Concept and Mechanics</h3><p><strong>Instant character killing</strong> names a communicative move that collapses argument into condemnation. It operates by metaphor, escalation, and moral labeling rather than by evidence and debate. </p><p>The maneuver does not merely question competence or policy; it <strong>invalidates personhood as a legitimate political actor</strong>. In a polarized environment, once an opponent is framed as violent, dishonest, or anti&#8209;national, deliberation becomes unnecessary. The rival&#8217;s program need not be weighed&#8212;its proponent has already been expelled from the circle of legitimate contestation. </p><p>Operationally, this applies the <strong>friend&#8211;enemy boundary at the level of persona</strong>, excluding the rival from the circle of legitimate political actors.</p><p></p><h3>The Sequence: From Word to Weapon</h3><p>Orb&#225;n&#8217;s September 2025 post lays out a rhetorical ladder:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Aggression</strong> &#8211; The adversary&#8217;s default mode is hostility.</p></li><li><p><strong>Lies</strong> &#8211; The adversary is not mistaken but fundamentally dishonest.</p></li><li><p><strong>Exaggeration</strong> &#8211; Speech is inflated; truth&#8209;value is suspect.</p></li><li><p><strong>Incitement</strong> &#8211; Language aims to provoke unrest.</p></li><li><p><strong>Pistol</strong> &#8211; The trajectory culminates in physical violence.</p></li></ol><p>The &#8220;pistol&#8221; functions both symbolically and literally. It condenses disparate worries&#8212;about public order, national trauma, and the sanctity of peace&#8212;into a single, vivid image. Thus, the opponent is mapped onto a path from immoral words to criminal deeds, justifying exceptional vigilance and, ultimately, exclusion.</p><p></p><h3>The Positive Mirror: Accumulating Achievements</h3><p>After delegitimising the adversary, the narrative pivots to a list of concrete achievements: highways built, family support expanded, jobs created, pensions restored, housing support and utility cuts delivered, peace defended. The device is <strong>accumulation</strong>&#8212;tangible results are stacked to produce an aura of competence and benevolence. The contrast is total: <strong>abstract threat</strong> (them) versus <strong>material delivery</strong> (us). Politics becomes a choice between chaos and order.</p><p></p><h3>Binary Moral Cosmology and Populist Structure</h3><p>Where Schmitt&#8217;s enemy is <strong>public and amoral</strong>, this rhetoric <strong>moralizes</strong> the enemy into evil&#8212;turning a Schmittian structure into a <strong>Manichaean moral frame</strong>:</p><ul><li><p><strong>They:</strong> aggression, lies, incitement, weapons.</p></li><li><p><strong>We:</strong> trust, work, construction, peace.</p></li></ul><p>It dovetails with a familiar populist structure&#8212;&#8220;the pure people&#8221; versus &#8220;the corrupt/alien elite&#8221;&#8212;but retools corruption as <strong>violence</strong>. Recurring antagonists in this register include <strong>&#8220;Brussels,&#8221; migration and border threats, &#8220;Soros/NGOs,&#8221;</strong>and, since 2022, a <strong>&#8220;pro&#8209;war&#8221; opposition</strong> contrasted with a government of &#8220;peace.&#8221; At times, opposition actors mirror the game, recoding Orb&#225;n himself as the malevolent antagonist&#8212;an authoritarian &#8220;evil&#8221; whose removal is framed as a moral imperative&#8212;thereby reproducing the same Manichaean split from the other side. Elections, in this idiom, are not contests of visions; they are rituals of purification. Hence the closing call to &#8220;bid farewell to weapons&#8230; by next April at the latest,&#8221; implicitly reframing the coming vote as civic disarmament.</p><p></p><h3>Strategic Function and Democratic Costs</h3><p>Strategically, the approach consolidates in&#8209;group cohesion, saturates the agenda with security cues, and crowds out complex policy debate. The democratic costs, however, are steep: opposition is delegitimised, policy is moralised, and pluralism is flattened. Stability is fetishised; deliberation withers.</p><p></p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Orb&#225;n&#8217;s post-2015 playbook looks Schmittian to the core: friend&#8211;enemy politics scaled for mass audiences. Trading branding for a friend&#8211;enemy frame&#8212;with instant character killing baked in&#8212;wins elections but rewires the democratic field. The opposition follows the same route, <strong>participating in the very logic it condemns</strong>.</p><p>In such a frame, Orb&#225;n is cast not merely as candidate but as guarantor of national survival&#8212;a position that secures hegemony even as it erodes the conditions for genuine democratic contestation.</p><p>First, <strong>public speech</strong> narrows: security-coded cues and moral binaries crowd out policy argument, raising the cost of dissent and rewarding performative outrage over deliberation. </p><p>Second, <strong>pluralism</strong> thins: opponents are cast as illegitimate rather than alternative, so competition becomes purification, not persuasion. </p><p>Third, <strong>institutions</strong> bend toward the <strong>exception</strong>: extraordinary framing (migration, &#8220;Brussels,&#8221; war) normalizes extraordinary measures&#8212;in messaging and sometimes in policy&#8212;making emergency a habit rather than a threshold. </p><p>Fourth, <strong>media incentives</strong> tilt to conflict maximalism, amplifying the binary and shrinking the middle. </p><p>Finally, <strong>citizen autonomy</strong> degrades: choice architecture reduces complexity to a single moral stake (order vs. chaos), trading informed consent for compelled alignment. In this frame, Orb&#225;n is not merely a candidate but a guarantor of survival&#8212;an advantage that sustains hegemony even as it erodes the conditions for democratic disagreement and renewal.</p><p></p><p></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Disagree? Good. I don&#8217;t write to be right&#8212;I write to be tested. Bring your &#8220;Tenth Man&#8221; view, your sharpest counterpoint, or even a quiet doubt. Sometimes the most useful critique is the one that unsettles my own thinking.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Don&#8217;t forget to subscribe for more Critical Hungary Insights!</em></p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/beyond-branding-us-vs-them?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/beyond-branding-us-vs-them?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/beyond-branding-us-vs-them/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/beyond-branding-us-vs-them/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Meierhenrich, J. &amp; Simons, O. (2016). <em>A Fanatic of Order in an Epoch of Confusing Turmoil&#8221;: The Political, Legal, and Cultural Thought of Carl Schmitt Purchased. </em>The Oxford Handbook of Carl Schmitt. Jens Meierhenrich (ed.), Oliver Simons (ed.), Oxford University Press, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199916931.013.26">https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199916931.013.26</a></p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The House Always Wins]]></title><description><![CDATA[Strange Logic of Hungary&#8217;s Housing Market]]></description><link>https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/the-house-always-wins</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/the-house-always-wins</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Zoltán Bodó]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 01 Oct 2025 08:01:40 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Lhe!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff35a36ec-7f33-455b-8830-a19adbbb188e_1080x720.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Lhe!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff35a36ec-7f33-455b-8830-a19adbbb188e_1080x720.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Lhe!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff35a36ec-7f33-455b-8830-a19adbbb188e_1080x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Lhe!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff35a36ec-7f33-455b-8830-a19adbbb188e_1080x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Lhe!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff35a36ec-7f33-455b-8830-a19adbbb188e_1080x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Lhe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff35a36ec-7f33-455b-8830-a19adbbb188e_1080x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Lhe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff35a36ec-7f33-455b-8830-a19adbbb188e_1080x720.jpeg" width="1080" height="720" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f35a36ec-7f33-455b-8830-a19adbbb188e_1080x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:114570,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;a close up of a typewriter with a real estate paper on it&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="a close up of a typewriter with a real estate paper on it" title="a close up of a typewriter with a real estate paper on it" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Lhe!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff35a36ec-7f33-455b-8830-a19adbbb188e_1080x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Lhe!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff35a36ec-7f33-455b-8830-a19adbbb188e_1080x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Lhe!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff35a36ec-7f33-455b-8830-a19adbbb188e_1080x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Lhe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff35a36ec-7f33-455b-8830-a19adbbb188e_1080x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo by <a href="true">Markus Winkler</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><em>Hungary&#8217;s housing market breaks the mold: with 91% ownership, low mobility, and minimal reliance on agents, what looks like inefficiency elsewhere functions here as a survival strategy. Bricks and mortar remain the only reliable safety net in a volatile economy. Government policy, however, runs against this logic&#8212;pouring subsidies into new, unaffordable builds that prop up developers and a narrow band of buyers. With so few new units and transactions, these programs cannot reshape the market; they only expose how housing policy serves industries more than households.</em></p><div><hr></div><p></p><p>Hungary&#8217;s real estate market runs on a set of unwritten rules&#8212; that are rarely questioned, yet deserve much closer scrutiny.</p><p>Beneath the surface, the housing market is full of peculiarities that raise more questions than answers.</p><p>Let&#8217;s break it down.</p><p></p><h3><strong>Hungarian Real Estate Market Oddities Explained</strong></h3><p>To understand the unique character of Hungary&#8217;s real estate market, a few key features stand out.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Ownership</strong>: First, home ownership is exceptionally high&#8212;over 91%&#8212;a figure far above the EU average. This stems from a mix of historical, cultural, and economic factors.</p></blockquote><p>During socialism, private property was restricted, but the transition of the 1990s saw a wave of <strong>privatisations</strong>, with apartments and houses sold off at very low prices. This allowed many families to secure ownership cheaply. At the same time, Hungary developed only a weak rental market: institutional investment in housing remained minimal, tenant protections limited, and renting widely seen as unstable and unattractive.</p><p>Culturally, ownership became deeply associated with <strong>security, family continuity, and social status.</strong> Intergenerational transfers&#8212;parents helping children buy or inherit property&#8212;further reinforced the cycle. The result is a system where <strong>owning a home is the rule, not the exception.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_dWN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0fe0794-be95-49dc-88fd-c31750eee330_831x986.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_dWN!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0fe0794-be95-49dc-88fd-c31750eee330_831x986.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_dWN!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0fe0794-be95-49dc-88fd-c31750eee330_831x986.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_dWN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0fe0794-be95-49dc-88fd-c31750eee330_831x986.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_dWN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0fe0794-be95-49dc-88fd-c31750eee330_831x986.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_dWN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0fe0794-be95-49dc-88fd-c31750eee330_831x986.heic" width="831" height="986" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a0fe0794-be95-49dc-88fd-c31750eee330_831x986.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:986,&quot;width&quot;:831,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:50090,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.marketingcountry.hu/i/168272767?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0fe0794-be95-49dc-88fd-c31750eee330_831x986.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_dWN!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0fe0794-be95-49dc-88fd-c31750eee330_831x986.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_dWN!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0fe0794-be95-49dc-88fd-c31750eee330_831x986.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_dWN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0fe0794-be95-49dc-88fd-c31750eee330_831x986.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_dWN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0fe0794-be95-49dc-88fd-c31750eee330_831x986.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>Housing stock:</strong> According to the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Hungary&#8217;s housing stock stood at 4.616 million units as of January 1, 2025.</p></blockquote><p>Since 2007 the yearly average housing stock increase was approximately 20k units. The average value is heavily skewed by the FX denominated mortgage loans period between 2007-2011 (see more related information in <a href="https://www.marketingcountry.hu/p/the-hungarian-mortgage-propaganda">The Hungarian Mortgage Propaganda</a> essay). However when comparing the 2025 January 1st data with 2024 same data, the increase was only approximately 12k unit.</p><p>Based on real estate transaction data, the overall transaction rate in 2024 was 2.5%. Applying this rate to the current housing stock translates into just over 115,000 transactions across the country in 2024.</p><p>At this level of ownership, though, the deeper question is whether such low growth is really a &#8220;problem&#8221; at all&#8212;or rather a <strong>sign of saturation, where the market has simply run out of new buyers and new demand.</strong> In other words, Hungary may not be building too little housing&#8212;it may already be <strong>as owned-out as a country can get&#8230; or is there still room for genuine organic growth?</strong></p><div id="datawrapper-iframe" class="datawrapper-wrap outer" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/thVTi/1/&quot;,&quot;thumbnail_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bff3cf9a-ddb2-4338-b28d-7b4acef6437b_1220x746.png&quot;,&quot;thumbnail_url_full&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b0a001dc-1a21-49d8-a300-7c03c693125f_1220x870.png&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:425,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Real Estate Transaction Rates&quot;,&quot;description&quot;:&quot;Number of Real Estate Transaction as % of Total Housing&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true}" data-component-name="DatawrapperToDOM"><iframe id="iframe-datawrapper" class="datawrapper-iframe" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/thVTi/1/" width="730" height="425" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" loading="lazy"></iframe><script type="text/javascript">!function(){"use strict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(e){if(void 0!==e.data["datawrapper-height"]){var t=document.querySelectorAll("iframe");for(var a in e.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var r=0;r<t.length;r++){if(t[r].contentWindow===e.source)t[r].style.height=e.data["datawrapper-height"][a]+"px"}}}))}();</script></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading Marketingcountry - Critical Hungary Blog! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><blockquote><p><strong>Real estate pricing: </strong>If we take 2015 as a baseline, real estate prices in Hungary had surged by 325.1% by Q3 2024&#8212;a staggering increase compared to an inflation index of around 165% over the same period.</p></blockquote><p>Looking at the shorter horizon, the <strong>three-year growth rate exceeded 35%</strong>, only slightly below the cumulative inflation rate of just over 39%. Still, it&#8217;s important to note that much of this growth was built on a <strong>relatively low starting base </strong>when compared with other European housing markets.</p><p>Currently the national average sqm prices are at slightly higher than &#8364;2.000, while average asking price is around cc. &#8364;180.000. While in Budapest the average sqm prices are higher than &#8364;3.450 based on <a href="https://koltozzbe.hu/statisztikak/">koltozzbe.hu statistics.</a> You are going to have a significant variation in the prices in different geographical regions or locations.</p><p>But this raises an uncomfortable question: <strong>is this price surge truly organic growth, or something else?</strong> Are we seeing genuine demand and purchasing power at work&#8212;or are prices inflated by speculative buying, distorted credit policies, or the lack of viable investment alternatives in Hungary&#8217;s economy? In other words, is the housing market reflecting real value, or is it simply the byproduct of a system where money has few other places to go?</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AaXJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe628e408-304f-41e3-8a89-d103cc09f030_528x368.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AaXJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe628e408-304f-41e3-8a89-d103cc09f030_528x368.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AaXJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe628e408-304f-41e3-8a89-d103cc09f030_528x368.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AaXJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe628e408-304f-41e3-8a89-d103cc09f030_528x368.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AaXJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe628e408-304f-41e3-8a89-d103cc09f030_528x368.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AaXJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe628e408-304f-41e3-8a89-d103cc09f030_528x368.png" width="728" height="507.3939393939394" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e628e408-304f-41e3-8a89-d103cc09f030_528x368.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:368,&quot;width&quot;:528,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:728,&quot;bytes&quot;:66264,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.marketingcountry.hu/i/168272767?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe628e408-304f-41e3-8a89-d103cc09f030_528x368.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AaXJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe628e408-304f-41e3-8a89-d103cc09f030_528x368.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AaXJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe628e408-304f-41e3-8a89-d103cc09f030_528x368.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AaXJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe628e408-304f-41e3-8a89-d103cc09f030_528x368.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AaXJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe628e408-304f-41e3-8a89-d103cc09f030_528x368.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><blockquote><p><strong>Real estate brokerage paradox: </strong>Another striking oddity of Hungary&#8217;s housing market is the role&#8212;or rather, the lack of role&#8212;played by real estate agents.</p></blockquote><p><a href="https://blog.realmonitor.hu/2020/08/31/mennyi-ingatlanost-bir-el-a-piac-ingatlanoszam/">In most mature housing markets</a>, agents are central intermediaries. They handle 50&#8211;70% of transactions, professionalize the process, and shape public perceptions of value. In Hungary, the picture is radically different.</p><p>According to the Hungarian National Bank&#8217;s <em><a href="https://www.mnb.hu/letoltes/housing-market-report-2023-november.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com">2023 Housing Market Report</a></em>, only <strong>10.6%&#8211;13.1% of transactions involve agents</strong>. That means that out of roughly 115,000 housing deals a year, <strong>barely 12,000&#8211;16,000 pass through an agent at all.</strong> Yet an estimated <strong>8,000&#8211;10,000 agents</strong> (or more) compete for this sliver of the market. </p><p>The math is brutal: on average, each agent closes <strong>fewer than two transactions per year.</strong> Which raises the obvious question: <strong>how can there be so many agents for so little business?</strong></p><p>Unless, of course, the numbers don&#8217;t capture the full picture. Is the data misleading, incomplete&#8212;or is the Hungarian real estate profession built on something other than actual transactions?</p><p></p><h3>Rethinking Hungary&#8217;s Housing Market</h3><p>Step back, and the numbers tell a story almost the opposite of what conventional wisdom suggests. Commentators like to describe Hungary&#8217;s housing market as &#8220;underdeveloped&#8221; compared to Western Europe: weak rental markets, low agent penetration, uneven regional pricing. But what if those so-called shortcomings aren&#8217;t flaws at all? What if they are deliberate adaptations&#8212;features that make sense in a country shaped by volatility, inflation, and mistrust of institutions?</p><p>Take the home-ownership rate of more than 91%. From a Western perspective, it looks like an imbalance: proof of a broken rental sector and lack of institutional capital. But from inside Hungary, it can just as easily be read as a rational hedge against uncertainty. When inflation, currency swings, and political shocks have repeatedly wiped out savings, property becomes the default insurance policy. <em>It may not be efficient, but it is resilient.</em></p><p>Or consider prices. A 325% surge since 2015 screams &#8220;bubble&#8221; to outside observers. Yet Hungary&#8217;s market started from a historically depressed base. Even now, at around &#8364;2,000 per square meter nationally and &#8364;3,450 in Budapest, Hungary is still far cheaper than most European capitals. <strong>The surprise isn&#8217;t how high prices have climbed, but how long they lagged behind.</strong></p><p>Then there&#8217;s mobility. Barely 115,000 housing transactions take place each year in a country of nearly 10 million. By most standards, that looks like market stagnation. But again, <em>what if low churn isn&#8217;t failure but design?</em> In a society where homes are inherited, passed within families, and tied to identity, <strong>stability&#8212;not liquidity&#8212;is the point.</strong></p><p>Seen this way, Hungary&#8217;s housing market isn&#8217;t broken. It&#8217;s operating under its own set of rules. History, culture, and deep distrust of intermediaries have created a system that looks strange only if you expect it to behave like Germany, France, or the Netherlands. <strong>Property here is not primarily an asset class; it&#8217;s a survival strategy.</strong></p><p>But resilience comes with contradictions. The same features that protect households expose the flaws in government policy. <em>If nine in ten Hungarians already own their homes, what exactly is being solved by subsidies<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> for new construction?</em> Are these programs designed to improve affordability, or to <em>manufacture demand for the construction industry?</em> With less than 2.5% of the housing stock changing hands each year and fewer than 15,000 new units built annually, <em>can subsidies move the needle at all&#8212;or are they little more than symbolic politics?</em></p><p>The bigger challenge is not quantity but quality: modernising Hungary&#8217;s vast existing stock with insulation, energy upgrades, and basic liveability improvements. <strong>Why should taxpayers underwrite new-build buyers&#8212;often middle- or upper-class families&#8212;while millions remain in outdated housing?</strong> Is it constitutional to subsidies with taxpayer money certain preferential segments? If the real goal is family welfare and population stability, <em>wouldn&#8217;t deep modernisation subsidies deliver more by cutting bills and raising living standards for everyone?</em></p><p>Which leads to a sharper suspicion. <strong>Housing subsidies may not be about households at all. They may be about channeling resources toward politically connected developers.</strong></p><p>Hungary&#8217;s housing story, then, is both one of survival and of distortion: a system that protects households in spite of volatility, <strong>but where policy increasingly seems designed to protect industries instead.</strong></p><p></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Disagree? Good. I don&#8217;t write to be right&#8212;I write to be tested. Bring your &#8220;Tenth Man&#8221; view, your sharpest counterpoint, or even a quiet doubt. Sometimes the most useful critique is the one that unsettles my own thinking.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Don&#8217;t forget to subscribe for more Critical Hungary Insights!</em></p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/the-house-always-wins?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/the-house-always-wins?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/the-house-always-wins/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/the-house-always-wins/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><em>Over the past ten years, Hungarian government has pursued an unusually interventionist housing policy, tying subsidies closely to family policy and demographic goals. Examples of major schemes :</em></p><p><em><a href="https://helpersmagazine.hu/new-3-housing-loan-to-first-time-owners-in-hungary/?utm_source=chatgpt.com">Interest-subsidized housing loans and fixed-rate schemes</a><br>In addition to CSOK, Hungary has introduced preferential housing loans with capped interest rates, especially for first-time buyers. For example, in 2024&#8211;2025 the government announced a new 3% fixed-rate housing loanavailable to first-time homeowners, supplementing the CSOK framework.</em></p><p><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_policy_in_Hungary?utm_source=chatgpt.com">CSOK &#8211; Csal&#225;di Otthonteremt&#233;si Kedvezm&#233;ny (&#8220;Family Home Creation Benefit&#8221;)</a><br>Launched in 2015, CSOK has become the flagship housing support program. Families with children (or even those committing to have children) receive non-refundable state grants and access to subsidized housing loans to buy, build, or renovate homes. The subsidy scales with the number of children and whether the property is new or used. CSOK has been repeatedly expanded, but always tied to family size and demographic incentives.</em></p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Would You Red Card Your CEO?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Beyond Stability &#8212; Benchmarking Orb&#225;n&#8217;s Government Against Its Regional Peers]]></description><link>https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/would-you-red-card-your-ceo</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/would-you-red-card-your-ceo</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Zoltán Bodó]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2025 08:30:04 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z-Rl!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdeda861a-ac7e-4a4e-ac7f-de49425234e4_1080x720.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z-Rl!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdeda861a-ac7e-4a4e-ac7f-de49425234e4_1080x720.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z-Rl!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdeda861a-ac7e-4a4e-ac7f-de49425234e4_1080x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z-Rl!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdeda861a-ac7e-4a4e-ac7f-de49425234e4_1080x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z-Rl!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdeda861a-ac7e-4a4e-ac7f-de49425234e4_1080x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z-Rl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdeda861a-ac7e-4a4e-ac7f-de49425234e4_1080x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z-Rl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdeda861a-ac7e-4a4e-ac7f-de49425234e4_1080x720.jpeg" width="1080" height="720" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/deda861a-ac7e-4a4e-ac7f-de49425234e4_1080x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:59851,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;A man in a green hoodie holding up a red card&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="A man in a green hoodie holding up a red card" title="A man in a green hoodie holding up a red card" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z-Rl!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdeda861a-ac7e-4a4e-ac7f-de49425234e4_1080x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z-Rl!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdeda861a-ac7e-4a4e-ac7f-de49425234e4_1080x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z-Rl!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdeda861a-ac7e-4a4e-ac7f-de49425234e4_1080x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z-Rl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdeda861a-ac7e-4a4e-ac7f-de49425234e4_1080x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@lucidistortephoto">Alfonso Scarpa</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><em>Growth rates are the trendlines of governance and indicators of momentum. By focusing on annual changes rather than absolute levels, they strip away inherited advantages and reveal whether leaders are truly moving their country forward&#8212;and how quickly. Hungary&#8217;s decade-long record shows a clear pattern of declining competitiveness: respectable in some years, but consistently outpaced by peers, leaving it entrenched near the bottom of the regional league table.</em></p><div><hr></div><p></p><h3>The Great Illusion: Political Stability Does Not Necessary Mean Economic Performance</h3><p>Imagine your country as a publicly listed company. Citizens are the shareholders, the Prime Minister is the CEO, Parliament approves the strategy, and auditors&#8212;statistical offices, Eurostat, the ECB&#8212;publish the accounts. Elections are the annual general meetings where contracts are renewed&#8212;or terminated. (And yes, every four years is far too infrequent&#8212;which is why, in my essay on <a href="https://www.marketingcountry.hu/p/if-i-were-a-politician-the-manifesto">rebuilding accountability in public office</a>, I argued for more frequent and enforceable mechanisms of accountability.)</p><p>In theory, this is democracy. In practice, most citizens evaluate their CEO the way amateur investors judge companies: by scanning one big, shiny number. GDP growth is the favorite headline&#8212;politics&#8217; equivalent of a CEO boasting, <em>&#8220;Revenue up 5%!&#8221;</em> The problem is that reality, like financial markets, doesn&#8217;t reward a single number. It rewards sustainable, balanced, peer-beating performance.</p><p>No investor would be satisfied with a CEO announcing, <em>&#8220;Revenue grew 5%&#8221;</em> while competitors delivered 7&#8211;10%, margins collapsed, and the product pipeline ran dry. Yet in politics, governments often get away with exactly this trick&#8212;especially when there is no competent opposition or an independent media willing to play watchdog.</p><p>Hungary is a perfect case. Between 2015 and 2024 it had the most stable government in the region: an uninterrupted CEO (Viktor Orb&#225;n), full control of the boardroom (supermajority), and no shareholder revolts. Political stability should have been a competitive advantage: continuity, long-term planning, credibility. It was constantly presented as one.</p><p>But the peer-comparison scorecard tells a different story. Across the decade, on economic and financial year-on-year growth rates&#8212;the momentum, the trendlines of governance&#8212;Hungary&#8217;s CEO delivered one of the weakest performances among regional peers. Stability hardened into complacency, and complacency produced chronic underperformance.</p><p>That is the illusion. This essay argues for breaking it.</p><p>Citizens should act like activist shareholders: benchmarking government performance against peers, measuring not only growth but also stability, discipline, and resilience&#8212;and issuing a red card to underperforming CEOs, no matter how glossy their annual letters look.</p><p></p><h3>Hungary Inc.: Turning Statistics Into a Shareholder Report</h3><p>The logic is simple: you don&#8217;t judge a company on one quarter&#8217;s revenue, but on consistent performance against peers. The same principle applies to governments.</p><p>Between 2015 and 2024, eleven Central and Eastern European (CEE) and Baltic economies&#8212;Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia&#8212;competed on the same pitch.</p><p>Fifteen economic and financial KPIs were tracked annually (Eurostat, ECB). These included GDP growth, GDP per capita, productivity, disposable income, inflation, debt, deficits, employment, wage growth, the current account, and others.</p><p>For every indicator, the year-on-year growth rate was calculated&#8212;2016 vs 2015, 2017 vs 2016, and so on&#8212;to capture direction and momentum. Each year, countries were ranked from first (score = 1) to last (score = 11). For &#8220;lower is better&#8221; indicators, such as inflation and debt, scores were inverted so that discipline was rewarded. Annual scores were then summed and aggregated across the decade. The lower the total, the stronger the performance.</p><p>This produces a robust dataset covering ten years&#8212;long enough to filter out one-off shocks and reveal enduring trends.</p><p>Crucially, it punishes selective storytelling.</p><blockquote><p>You cannot trumpet GDP growth if inflation wipes out real incomes, debt piles up, or productivity stagnates. You cannot boast about wages if median income in PPS lags peers. Success comes only from broad, consistent improvement.</p></blockquote><p>The results?</p><p></p><h3>Hungarian Government Economic Momentum Scorecard: Yearly Gains, Decade-Long Underperformance versus Peers</h3><p>Over the decade, on momentum (growth rates), Hungary ranked 10th out of 11&#8212;ahead only of Slovakia. Bulgaria, Romania, and Croatia formed the top tier; Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Slovenia, and Czechia anchored the midfield; while Estonia, Hungary, and Slovakia trailed as laggards. Momentum, after all, is the trendline of real performance.</p><p>If this were a corporate peer review, Hungary Inc. would be a laggard stock&#8212;not bankrupt, but chronically underperforming its sector.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kZVX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e2890ba-b81b-4afd-9d30-4c3a6174e8c0_1890x2617.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kZVX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e2890ba-b81b-4afd-9d30-4c3a6174e8c0_1890x2617.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kZVX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e2890ba-b81b-4afd-9d30-4c3a6174e8c0_1890x2617.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kZVX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e2890ba-b81b-4afd-9d30-4c3a6174e8c0_1890x2617.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kZVX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e2890ba-b81b-4afd-9d30-4c3a6174e8c0_1890x2617.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kZVX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e2890ba-b81b-4afd-9d30-4c3a6174e8c0_1890x2617.jpeg" width="1890" height="2617" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7e2890ba-b81b-4afd-9d30-4c3a6174e8c0_1890x2617.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2617,&quot;width&quot;:1890,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:717218,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.marketingcountry.hu/i/174348732?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4091bcd-0da8-4b28-b72b-beec9ce1f31f_2133x2844.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kZVX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e2890ba-b81b-4afd-9d30-4c3a6174e8c0_1890x2617.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kZVX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e2890ba-b81b-4afd-9d30-4c3a6174e8c0_1890x2617.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kZVX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e2890ba-b81b-4afd-9d30-4c3a6174e8c0_1890x2617.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kZVX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e2890ba-b81b-4afd-9d30-4c3a6174e8c0_1890x2617.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Hungary&#8217;s position was not based on cherry-picked numbers or on &#8220;bashing Orb&#225;n&#8221; emotional narratives, but on year-on-year growth across key indicators: GDP per capita, disposable income, wages, labour productivity, inflation, debt, fiscal balance, exchange rates, FDI, consumption, and inequality<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>. Each year, every country was ranked from best to worst. Hungary did not break into the top tier on any of them.</p><p>Some years looked decent in isolation. But compared with peers, Hungary was consistently outpaced.</p><blockquote><p>Its record was not one of collapse but of lagging momentum&#8212;others simply advanced faster.</p></blockquote><p>The fundamentals told the story citizens lived daily. Disposable income held up relatively well compared to neighbors, but at the expense of household consumption, dampening demand and economic vitality. Repeated inflation spikes destroyed the real value of wage gains. The forint&#8217;s weakness against the euro added another layer of erosion, making travel, imports, and savings more expensive. Families saw that even as wages rose on paper for some, median wages declined in real terms&#8212;and real purchasing power slipped further behind.</p><p>Volatility punished the overall score. Economies that avoided wild swings steadily climbed the table. Hungary stumbled with repeated &#8220;yellow cards&#8221;: inflation shocks, fiscal swings, inconsistent income growth. For investors, volatility destroys trust; for citizens, it creates daily insecurity&#8212;whether their paycheck will stretch or their savings will hold value.</p><p>One fact sets Hungary apart: it had the most stable government in the region from 2015 to 2024. While most countries saw contentious changes, Hungary kept a single management team in place. In corporate terms: a CEO with full control, uninterrupted tenure, no shareholder revolts. That stability should have been an advantage&#8212;continuity of strategy, long-term planning, investor confidence.</p><p>Instead, relative performance across ten years of year-on-year growth rates left Hungary at the bottom of the momentum league. Stability did not translate into efficiency, productivity, or future readiness. It calcified into complacency.</p><p>If the country were a listed firm, analysts would conclude: <em>&#8220;Revenue growth positive, but balance sheet weak; margins eroded by inflation; volatility risk elevated.&#8221;</em> In other words: a sell recommendation, not a buy.</p><p></p><h3>The Unfulfilled Role of Shareholders</h3><p>In capital markets, CEOs cannot hide for long: analysts, rating agencies, and financial media publish comparisons that strip away spin. If a company trails its sector, investors know it.</p><p>Opposition parties, the supposed shareholders, rarely translated Eurostat and ECB tables into narratives ordinary citizens could grasp. Facebook likes mattered more. They failed to apply pressure, failed to offer credible solutions, and remain stuck on the &#8220;bitching lane&#8221; of politics. Nobody explains how they would outperform the government&#8212;what they would build better.</p><p>Independent media, another set of shareholders, reported individual statistics but seldom built comparative, holistic stories about the economy. They were politically critical of the government, but largely silent on its real economic anomalies. Instead, they leaned on emotional narratives that deepened polarization.</p><p>In ten years, neither opposition nor media effectively challenged the government&#8217;s narrative. Even now, as economic and social pressures create a growing pool of potential protest voters, the alternative CEO and board have no clue how they would address the country&#8217;s challenges.</p><p>Citizens&#8212;the real shareholders&#8212;were given banners (<em>&#8220;5% growth!&#8221;</em>) instead of scoreboards (<em>&#8220;10th of 11 over the decade&#8221;</em>). Without opposition or media pressure, complacency flourished. The CEO stayed in place despite chronic underperformance.</p><p>If citizens acted like activist shareholders, they would demand the same discipline markets demand: benchmarking against peers, consistent execution, and clear strategic direction. They would ask whether Hungary grew faster than Bulgaria, Romania, and Poland; kept debt lower than Slovenia and Czechia; innovated like Estonia and Lithuania; and raised median incomes above inflation. The scorecard answers no.</p><p>Remaining in the business metaphor, the investor&#8217;s logic is clear:</p><p><strong>Recommendation:</strong> Hold / Sell. Growth respectable, but peers outperform. Balance sheet and volatility risks high. Key pipelines weak.<br><strong>Peer comparison:</strong> Ranked 10th of 11 over the decade. Only Slovakia fared worse.<br><strong>CEO accountability:</strong> In any listed company, activist investors would demand change. A CEO who underperforms the sector for a decade is replaced.</p><p>Yet in politics, incumbents survive by celebrating isolated wins. A <em>&#8220;5% GDP&#8221;</em> headline is the CEO&#8217;s glossy annual letter&#8212;carefully crafted to obscure a decade of missed benchmarks.</p><p></p><h3>The Final Verdict</h3><p>The CEE league on momentum (growth rates) is not about humiliating any flag. It is about cutting through selective growth storytelling and asking the only question that matters in a competitive region: <em>compared to whom?</em></p><p>On that measure, the Hungarian government failed. Ten years, fifteen KPIs, thousands of datapoints: second from the bottom, despite unmatched political stability. In business, no investor would tolerate such a CEO. Shareholders would revolt, boards would fire management, and new leadership would be installed.</p><p>Citizens should be no less demanding. The scorecard doesn&#8217;t care how polished the speech is&#8212;it only cares where you rank when the numbers are added up. And Hungary, after a decade of stability, sits near the bottom of its league.</p><p>For shareholders, the verdict is clear: <strong>red card for the CEO.</strong></p><p>Would you keep your CEO?</p><p></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Disagree? Good. I don&#8217;t write to be right&#8212;I write to be tested. Bring your &#8220;Tenth Man&#8221; view, your sharpest counterpoint, or even a quiet doubt. Sometimes the most useful critique is the one that unsettles my own thinking.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Don&#8217;t forget to subscribe for more Critical Hungary Insights!</em></p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/would-you-red-card-your-ceo?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/would-you-red-card-your-ceo?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/would-you-red-card-your-ceo/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/would-you-red-card-your-ceo/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Data Sources from Eurostat and ECB, benchmarking growth rates related to the selected economic and financial key performance indicators:</p><ul><li><p>Gross domestic product (GDP) at market prices [tec00001]</p></li><li><p>GDP per capita in purchasing power standard (PPS) [tec00114]</p></li><li><p>Gross national income (GNI) per capita [nama_10_pp$defaultview] </p></li><li><p>Adjusted gross disposable income of households per capita in PPS [tec00113]</p></li><li><p>Total unemployment rate [tps00203]</p></li><li><p>Harmonised index of consumer prices (HICP) [tec00118]</p></li><li><p>Average full time adjusted salary per employee [nama_10_fte$defaultview]</p></li><li><p>Median equivalised net income in PPS [ilc_di03$defaultview]</p></li><li><p>ECU/EUR exchange rates versus national currencies [tec00033]</p></li><li><p>Household final consumption expenditure  [nama_10_fcs$defaultview]</p></li><li><p>Government debt (consolidated) (as % of GDP)</p></li><li><p>Government deficit/surplus, debt and associated data [gov_10dd_edpt1$defaultview]</p></li><li><p>Foreign direct investments per capita (2015-2023)</p></li><li><p>Gini coefficient (scale from 0 to 100) [tessi190]</p></li><li><p>Real labour productivity per hour worked [nama_10_lp_ulc$defaultview]</p></li></ul><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Hungarian Mortgage Propaganda]]></title><description><![CDATA[The Swiss Franc Trap and Legalized Borrower Exploitation]]></description><link>https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/the-hungarian-mortgage-propaganda</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/the-hungarian-mortgage-propaganda</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Zoltán Bodó]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 17 Sep 2025 08:03:57 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DucZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39b564a4-1e98-44f8-9b44-73c896093495_1080x608.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DucZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39b564a4-1e98-44f8-9b44-73c896093495_1080x608.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DucZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39b564a4-1e98-44f8-9b44-73c896093495_1080x608.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DucZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39b564a4-1e98-44f8-9b44-73c896093495_1080x608.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DucZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39b564a4-1e98-44f8-9b44-73c896093495_1080x608.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DucZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39b564a4-1e98-44f8-9b44-73c896093495_1080x608.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DucZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39b564a4-1e98-44f8-9b44-73c896093495_1080x608.jpeg" width="1080" height="608" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/39b564a4-1e98-44f8-9b44-73c896093495_1080x608.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:608,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:139829,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;mortgage Scrabble tiles&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="mortgage Scrabble tiles" title="mortgage Scrabble tiles" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DucZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39b564a4-1e98-44f8-9b44-73c896093495_1080x608.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DucZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39b564a4-1e98-44f8-9b44-73c896093495_1080x608.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DucZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39b564a4-1e98-44f8-9b44-73c896093495_1080x608.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DucZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39b564a4-1e98-44f8-9b44-73c896093495_1080x608.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo by <a href="true">Precondo CA</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><em>Hungarian banks not long ago sold citizens the dream of affordable homeownership through Swiss franc mortgages&#8212;only to turn them into lifelong debtors. This essay reveals how banks profited, how governments staged &#8220;solutions,&#8221; and why the 2025 CJEU ruling C-630/23 could finally upend the system.</em></p><div><hr></div><p></p><p>Homeownership is Hungary&#8217;s Holy Grail.</p><p>Hungarians don&#8217;t just like to own homes &#8212; they worship them. After centuries of losing land to empires, wars, and politics, a house isn&#8217;t just a roof here. It&#8217;s a shrine to security. That&#8217;s why <strong><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Housing_statistics">92%</a> of Hungarians own their homes</strong>, one of the highest rates in Europe.</p><p>But in the early 2000s, banks found a way to weaponize this cultural obsession. They dangled <strong>foreign currency (FX) mortgages</strong> &#8212; loans denominated in Swiss francs (CHF) or euros (EUR) &#8212; that looked like a ticket to middle-class heaven. Glossy ads. Cheerful bankers. Numbers that made regular forint (HUF) mortgages look like daylight robbery.</p><p>And we believed them. Why wouldn&#8217;t we? When the priest, the banker, and the politician all sing from the same hymn sheet &#8212; trust authority, obey the experts &#8212; who dares hum another tune?</p><h3>The Pull and the Push: How to Sell a Trap</h3><div id="youtube2-5A5WtvzgsAY" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;5A5WtvzgsAY&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/5A5WtvzgsAY?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><ul><li><p><strong>The pull:</strong> 5&#8211;7% lower interest rates compared to standard HUF loans. CHF loans were cheaper because Switzerland had lower interest rates than Hungary.</p></li><li><p><strong>The push:</strong> TV spots and ads where a banker told you, &#8220;Your income doesn&#8217;t matter &#8212; just your property.&#8221;</p></li></ul><p>Let that sink in. Your income didn&#8217;t matter. Only your house did. Because to the banks, <strong>you weren&#8217;t a borrower. You were collateral wrapped in skin.</strong></p><p>The <a href="https://bankszovetseg.hu/index.cshtml?lang=eng">Hungarian Banking Association</a> even went on record in 2006, assuring people that the forint would never weaken beyond 270&#8211;275 HUF/EUR. Spoiler: it tanked to nearly 330. That wasn&#8217;t just a bad forecast &#8212; it was <strong>the financial equivalent of a doctor prescribing cigarettes for a cough.</strong></p><p>FX mortgages became the preferred option promoted by both the financial and political systems. The entire banking industry pushed a very aggressive mortgage propaganda.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EvMq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe640a010-cd9f-4775-a024-c17ddeac434f_899x907.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EvMq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe640a010-cd9f-4775-a024-c17ddeac434f_899x907.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EvMq!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe640a010-cd9f-4775-a024-c17ddeac434f_899x907.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EvMq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe640a010-cd9f-4775-a024-c17ddeac434f_899x907.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EvMq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe640a010-cd9f-4775-a024-c17ddeac434f_899x907.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EvMq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe640a010-cd9f-4775-a024-c17ddeac434f_899x907.png" width="899" height="907" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e640a010-cd9f-4775-a024-c17ddeac434f_899x907.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:907,&quot;width&quot;:899,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1096555,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.marketingcountry.hu/i/167465571?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe640a010-cd9f-4775-a024-c17ddeac434f_899x907.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EvMq!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe640a010-cd9f-4775-a024-c17ddeac434f_899x907.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EvMq!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe640a010-cd9f-4775-a024-c17ddeac434f_899x907.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EvMq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe640a010-cd9f-4775-a024-c17ddeac434f_899x907.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EvMq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe640a010-cd9f-4775-a024-c17ddeac434f_899x907.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3>How Banks Profited &#8212; Twice</h3><p>Every FX loan was a magician&#8217;s trick:</p><blockquote><p>You applied in <strong>forints (HUF, Hungary&#8217;s national currency)</strong>.</p><p>You were approved in forints.</p><p>You were told the numbers in forints.</p><p>Then &#8212; abracadabra! &#8212; at contract signing, your loan turned into a Swiss franc chimera.</p></blockquote><p><strong>At disbursement, </strong>Banks converted francs to forints at below-market rates, padding their pockets. For <strong>Repayment,</strong> your forints were reconverted to francs at worse rates, gutting your repayment power.</p><p>Profit in. Profit out. All legal. All applauded.</p><p>And if the forint strengthened? </p><p>Many banks hedged both ways. That wasn&#8217;t risk management &#8212; that was you betting on both horses and still losing.</p><h3>Government&#8217;s Pseudo Steps &#8212; Orchestrated Theater</h3><p>When the <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/business/swiss-franc-surge-hits-emerging-europe-bank-sector-idUSKBN0KO17M">Swiss central bank unexpectedly allowed the franc to jump</a>, it rattled Central and Eastern Europe, with Poland and Hungary hit hardest as countless franc-denominated mortgages became unserviceable and family budgets were thrown into disarray.</p><p>The Hungarian state didn&#8217;t bungle the FX mortgage crisis. It <strong>choreographed it</strong>. </p><p>Between 2011 and 2015, instead of letting courts enforce EU consumer protection rules (i.e. EU Directive 93/13/EEC on unfair terms in consumer contracts) provides that contracts with unfair terms are not binding on consumers, and unfair terms must be removed (they &#8220;shall not bind the consumer&#8221;), with certain consequences, the government staged a series of &#8220;solutions&#8221; that looked good on paper but were theater for the cameras:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Fixed-Exchange Windows (2011):</strong> Only the wealthy could participate. If you had cash, you got temporary relief. If not, you got a front-row seat to your own financial funeral.</p></li><li><p><strong>2015 Conversion:</strong> Foreign-currency mortgages were converted to forints at prevailing market rates &#8212; after the forint had fallen <strong>73%</strong>. Borrowers absorbed the entire loss. Banks smiled. Politicians called it a solution.</p></li></ul><p>The result? Families who had repaid more than the original loan still owed the same amount. The government didn&#8217;t fail to protect citizens &#8212; it <strong>ensured banks could never fail on its watch</strong>.</p><p>In Hungary, &#8220;helping people&#8221; meant legalizing the FX scam, going against the EU consumer protection rules and blocking all legal remedies. That&#8217;s not incompetence. That&#8217;s prioritizing profit over people, then dressing it in bureaucratic respectability.</p><div id="datawrapper-iframe" class="datawrapper-wrap outer" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/lxAVX/2/&quot;,&quot;thumbnail_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/83284390-ba3b-47d2-915a-e12b361d5d88_1220x1130.png&quot;,&quot;thumbnail_url_full&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/42902889-1e58-430a-bd86-aa1ed69277d5_1220x1544.png&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:790,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Mortgage Interest Rates in Europe&quot;,&quot;description&quot;:&quot;Weighted Average Mortgage Interest Rates in Europe between Q3 2022- Q4 2024 (%)&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true}" data-component-name="DatawrapperToDOM"><iframe id="iframe-datawrapper" class="datawrapper-iframe" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/lxAVX/2/" width="730" height="790" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" loading="lazy"></iframe><script type="text/javascript">!function(){"use strict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(e){if(void 0!==e.data["datawrapper-height"]){var t=document.querySelectorAll("iframe");for(var a in e.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var r=0;r<t.length;r++){if(t[r].contentWindow===e.source)t[r].style.height=e.data["datawrapper-height"][a]+"px"}}}))}();</script></div><h3>Poland vs. Hungary: Same Storm, Different Boats</h3><p>Poland faced the same FX mortgage tsunami, but its <strong><a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/poland-working-simplifying-swiss-franc-fx-loan-settlements-court-cases-2024-06-25">courts, not politicians, handled significantly better the fallout</a></strong>. By 2025, nearly 190,000 lawsuits had been filed there, many ending with borrowers recovering real money.</p><p>Hungary? The government blocked legal avenues, staged &#8220;pseudo-solutions,&#8221; and declared the matter closed. Justice wasn&#8217;t delayed here &#8212; <strong>it was abolished by decree</strong>.</p><h3>The New Game-Changer: Case C-630/23</h3><p>On April 30, 2025, the <strong><a href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&amp;docid=298700&amp;pageIndex=0&amp;doclang=EN">Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU, Case C-630/23)</a></strong> dropped a bomb. It declared:</p><ul><li><p>Contracts that dump all currency risk onto uninformed consumers are <strong>unfair</strong>.</p></li><li><p>Removing the unfair term isn&#8217;t enough &#8212; restitution must <strong>restore the consumer to the pre-contract position</strong>.</p></li><li><p>Partial refunds? Not acceptable. Crumbs don&#8217;t fix decades of policy negligence.</p></li></ul><p>If this ruling is enforced in Hungary, the FX mortgage saga isn&#8217;t history &#8212; it&#8217;s a live wire. Thousands of cases could be reopened. Banks could face massive paybacks. The government&#8217;s 2015 &#8220;grand solution&#8221; could be exposed as <strong>unlawful window dressing</strong>.</p><h3>The Bottom Line &#8212; How a Generation Was Sold Out</h3><p>Hungary didn&#8217;t just mismanage FX mortgages. It <strong>mis-sold reality itself</strong>.</p><p>Foreign-currency loans were marketed as opportunity. In truth, they were a masterclass in <strong>shifting risk while preserving profit</strong>. Borrowers became collateral, contracts were traps, and governments acted as referees only for the winning team: the banks.</p><p>When the 2008 crisis hit, the Swiss franc appreciated by more than 70% against the forint. Families were crushed. Banks collected hidden spreads. Government &#8220;remedies&#8221; arrived too late or excluded the majority.</p><p>Poland chose courts over decree. Hungary chose legislation over justice.</p><p>The <strong>C-630/23 ruling</strong> proves one thing: the contracts may be old, the propaganda stale, but <strong>the injustice is still alive</strong>. Hungarians didn&#8217;t just buy homes. They subscribed to a system designed to bleed them slowly.</p><p>Will Hungary seize this chance to correct history, or double down on the narrative that everything was done &#8220;for the people&#8221;?</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Disagree? Good. I don&#8217;t write to be right&#8212;I write to be tested. Bring your &#8220;Tenth Man&#8221; view, your sharpest counterpoint, or even a quiet doubt. Sometimes the most useful critique is the one that unsettles my own thinking.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Don&#8217;t forget to subscribe for more Critical Hungary Insights!</em></p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/the-hungarian-mortgage-propaganda?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/the-hungarian-mortgage-propaganda?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/the-hungarian-mortgage-propaganda/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/the-hungarian-mortgage-propaganda/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p><em><strong>Notes for Foreign Readers</strong></em></p><ol><li><p><em>HUF: Hungarian forint, Hungary&#8217;s currency.</em></p></li><li><p><em>FX mortgages: Loans denominated in foreign currencies (CHF or EUR).</em></p></li><li><p><em>CJEU: European Union&#8217;s highest court. C-630/23 is a landmark ruling on unfair consumer contracts.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Polish comparison: Shows a neighboring country addressing FX mortgages with legal recourse rather than political decree.</em></p></li></ol>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Corruption as Adaptive Social Resilience in Hungary]]></title><description><![CDATA[Tenth Mic - Episode #1]]></description><link>https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/corruption-as-adaptive-social-resilience</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/corruption-as-adaptive-social-resilience</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Zoltán Bodó]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 11 Sep 2025 17:50:24 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.substack.com/feed/podcast/173375560/77704c36c7a1554ba0b6961ea9754bf7.mp3" length="0" type="audio/mpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In this debut episode of <em>The Tenth Mic</em>, Zoltan Bodo challenges the conventional view of corruption in Hungary. Is it always a moral failing&#8212;or could it be a survival strategy in a system stacked against small businesses and ordinary citizens? From overregulation to rigged bureaucracy, Zoltan explores how informality becomes a rational response, why cracking down alone won&#8217;t work, and what real reform might look like.</p><p>If you want insight beyond headlines and ideology, this is your first step.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Behind the Freedom of Enterprise: Why Hungarian Small Businesses Are Forced Into Illegality]]></title><description><![CDATA[When Compliance Means Collapse &#8211; How Regulation, Taxation, and Power Structures Drive Entrepreneurs Underground]]></description><link>https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/behind-the-freedom-of-enterprise</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/behind-the-freedom-of-enterprise</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Zoltán Bodó]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 10 Sep 2025 08:00:23 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LXYU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec258ee2-5b5c-49b9-91f1-2b1ad7cdf444_1080x1373.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LXYU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec258ee2-5b5c-49b9-91f1-2b1ad7cdf444_1080x1373.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LXYU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec258ee2-5b5c-49b9-91f1-2b1ad7cdf444_1080x1373.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LXYU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec258ee2-5b5c-49b9-91f1-2b1ad7cdf444_1080x1373.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LXYU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec258ee2-5b5c-49b9-91f1-2b1ad7cdf444_1080x1373.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LXYU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec258ee2-5b5c-49b9-91f1-2b1ad7cdf444_1080x1373.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LXYU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec258ee2-5b5c-49b9-91f1-2b1ad7cdf444_1080x1373.jpeg" width="1080" height="1373" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ec258ee2-5b5c-49b9-91f1-2b1ad7cdf444_1080x1373.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1373,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:205733,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;a red door with a sign on it&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="a red door with a sign on it" title="a red door with a sign on it" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LXYU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec258ee2-5b5c-49b9-91f1-2b1ad7cdf444_1080x1373.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LXYU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec258ee2-5b5c-49b9-91f1-2b1ad7cdf444_1080x1373.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LXYU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec258ee2-5b5c-49b9-91f1-2b1ad7cdf444_1080x1373.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LXYU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec258ee2-5b5c-49b9-91f1-2b1ad7cdf444_1080x1373.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@sai_abhinivesh">Sai Abhinivesh Burla</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><em>In Hungary, &#8220;freedom of enterprise&#8221; is a trap. The law does not protect entrepreneurs; it ambushes them. To obey the system is often to perish within it. The Hungarian entrepreneur who survives is not the most compliant, but the most evasive&#8212;the one who bends the rules just enough to stay alive. Here, illegality is not an exception to the system. It is the system&#8217;s byproduct. The grey economy is less a shady alternative than a state-sanctioned refuge&#8212;the only place where survival remains possible. Paradoxically, the true outlaw in Hungary is not the rule-breaker, but the rule-follower.</em></p><div><hr></div><p></p><p>Politicians, policymakers, and the National Bank proclaim their devotion to &#8220;strengthening&#8221; small and medium-sized enterprises. But the framework they impose&#8212;punitive taxes, suffocating regulation, predatory enforcement&#8212;ensures the opposite.</p><p>In Hungary, compliance isn&#8217;t rewarded; it&#8217;s penalized. The entrepreneur who plays strictly by the book shrinks, fails, or disappears. The one who survives often does so by slipping into informality. This isn&#8217;t moral weakness. It&#8217;s systemic design.</p><p>The obstacles are not glitches in the system. They are the system. Each policy tilts the field further against small players. And when legality becomes impossible, illegality becomes inevitable.</p><p>Let&#8217;s follow the chain of pressure.</p><p></p><h2>The Domino Effect of Systemic Barriers</h2><h4><strong>1. Standard VAT Rates</strong></h4><p>Hungary&#8217;s standard VAT rate of 27 %&#8212;the highest in the European Union&#8212;puts domestic SMEs at an immediate disadvantage. Germany&#8217;s rate is 19 %, meaning identical goods cost about 8 percentage points more in Hungary&#8212;equating to approximately 6&#8211;7 % higher prices at the consumer level. In price-sensitive markets, that difference can determine who survives and who shrinks.</p><p>While the EU&#8217;s 2021 e-commerce VAT reforms&#8212;particularly the introduction of the One-Stop Shop and removal of low-value import VAT exemptions&#8212;did simplify compliance and boost collected revenues <a href="https://onemoneyway.com/en/blog/sme-banking-hungary">Taxation and Customs Union</a>, they did not alter the underlying VAT rate, nor fully address the long-standing competitive handicap faced by Hungarian micro and small businesses.</p><h4><strong>2. VAT Payment Frequency</strong></h4><p>Unlike most EU peers who pay quarterly, <a href="https://meridianglobalservices.com/country-profile/hungary">Hungarian microbusinesses hit a low monthly threshold</a> that forces pre-financing VAT. This creates chronic liquidity crises: often entrepreneurs pay the state before they get paid by clients.</p><h4><strong>3. Narrow Tax Options</strong></h4><p>The once-popular KATA flat-tax regime, <a href="https://abill.io/en/blog/what-the-2022-changes-mean-for-hungarian-contractors-under-the-kata-taxation-system">gutted in 2022</a>, now excludes most freelancers, exporters, and growth-minded businesses. What was designed to simplify now penalizes ambition: outgrowing KATA means drowning in complexity.</p><h4><strong>4. Tax Authority as Predator</strong></h4><p>Where other EU<a href="http://nav.gov.hu"> tax authorities</a> act as advisors, Hungary&#8217;s operates like a debt collector. Miss a deadline, and your accounts can be frozen. For small businesses, this often means instant death&#8212;not rehabilitation.</p><h4><strong>5. Consumer Protection Overreach</strong></h4><p>Hungary <a href="https://www.wolftheiss.com/insights/latest-round-of-changes-in-hungarian-e-commerce-and-consumer-protection-regulations">extends EU consumer protections to extremes</a>, imposing warranty rules and penalties that multinationals can absorb but one-person shops cannot. Selling a handmade product now carries obligations only a corporate compliance team could meet.</p><h4><strong>6. Banking Costs</strong></h4><p><a href="https://onemoneyway.com/en/blog/sme-banking-hungary">Banks pile on fees</a>&#8212;monthly charges, transaction taxes, FX margins&#8212;while fintech alternatives are throttled. Small firms pay some of Europe&#8217;s highest costs just to move their own money.</p><h4><strong>7. Public Procurement Gatekeeping</strong></h4><p>Tenders are written for the big and the connected. <a href="https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/improving-competitive-practices-in-hungary-s-public-procurement_5d1c1ec1-en.html">SMEs rarely qualify, cutting them off from lucrative state contracts.</a> What should be opportunity becomes exclusion.</p><h4><strong>8. Licensing and Permits</strong></h4><p>Starting or expanding a business means weeks&#8212;or months&#8212;of approvals, inconsistent across municipalities. What takes days online elsewhere in Europe becomes an unpredictable slog in Hungary.</p><h4><strong>9. Capital Poverty</strong></h4><p>With collateral-heavy banking and shallow venture markets, Hungarian SMEs remain underfunded. Ideas are not scarce; financing is. Growth stalls because the tools to fuel it don&#8217;t exist.</p><h4><strong>10. Biased Subsidy Distribution</strong></h4><p>EU funds flow not to the hungry but to the well-fed&#8212;large, connected firms. Applications are labyrinthine, deadlines short, criteria selective. For small players, &#8220;development support&#8221; is a mirage.</p><h4><strong>11. Forced Informality</strong></h4><p>Payroll taxes, VAT, and admin overload drive many into the grey economy. This isn&#8217;t greed; it&#8217;s endurance. Hungary&#8217;s informal economy ranks among Europe&#8217;s largest because legality itself has been priced out of reach.</p><h4><strong>12. Administrative Overload</strong></h4><p>For microbusinesses, half the job is paperwork. Online cash registers, invoice reporting, statistical filings&#8212;tasks multinationals outsource but that eat up the hours of a two-person shop. Compliance becomes the business.</p><h4><strong>13. Cultural Stigma</strong></h4><p>Entrepreneurs navigating impossible burdens are branded &#8220;cheats.&#8221; Public discourse blames the victim while ignoring the system that made legality unattainable. The state manufactures illegality, then moralizes against it.</p><h4><strong>14. Labor Laws as a Growth Trap</strong></h4><p>Hiring even one employee is prohibitively expensive due to payroll taxes and rigid rules. For microbusinesses, staff expansion often means stepping outside the law&#8212;or never expanding at all.</p><p></p><h2>A Paradox of Talent</h2><p>Hungary has unintentionally bred some of Europe&#8217;s most resourceful entrepreneurs. They survive on razor-thin margins, navigate Byzantine bureaucracy, and improvise around arbitrary rules. In another country, these skills would be celebrated as resilience and ingenuity. In Hungary, they are criminalized.</p><p>This is the tragedy: the state manufactures informality, then wastes the entrepreneurial energy it produces. What could be Europe&#8217;s most competitive SME sector becomes a survivalist underground.</p><p></p><h2>A Broken Incentive Machine</h2><p>The Hungarian state does not enable enterprise&#8212;it manages it. It controls entry points, distributes subsidies selectively, and bleeds small players through taxation and fees. The result is not growth but dependency.</p><p>When compliance is impossible, illegality is rational. The grey economy is not pathology&#8212;it is adaptation. To condemn entrepreneurs for informality is to punish them twice: first by denying them viable legal paths, then by stigmatizing the survival strategies that follow.</p><p></p><h2>The Way Forward</h2><p>This need not be Hungary&#8217;s destiny. Other European states prove that fairness and proportionality can unleash SME competitiveness. Hungary could:</p><ul><li><p>Reduce VAT pressure on small players.</p></li><li><p>Restore scalable, transparent tax regimes.</p></li><li><p>Tailor consumer laws to firm size, not corporate lobbying.</p></li><li><p>Open procurement and subsidies to genuine competition.</p></li></ul><p>Freedom of enterprise requires more than slogans. </p><p>It requires rules that allow survival without illegality. </p><p>Until that happens, Hungarian entrepreneurs will remain trapped in a system where the most law-abiding act may be to stop obeying the law at all.</p><h3></h3><div><hr></div><p><em>Disagree? Good. I don&#8217;t write to be right&#8212;I write to be tested. Bring your &#8220;Tenth Man&#8221; view, your sharpest counterpoint, or even a quiet doubt. Sometimes the most useful critique is the one that unsettles my own thinking.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Don&#8217;t forget to subscribe for more Critical Hungary Insights!</em></p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/behind-the-freedom-of-enterprise?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/behind-the-freedom-of-enterprise?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/behind-the-freedom-of-enterprise/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/behind-the-freedom-of-enterprise/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Designed for the Few, Marketed to the Many: Another Case of Policy Spin?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Why Hungary&#8217;s New Capital Program Leaves Most SMEs Behind]]></description><link>https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/designed-for-the-few-marketed-to</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/designed-for-the-few-marketed-to</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Zoltán Bodó]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 03 Sep 2025 08:01:30 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BUH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9586758a-de05-4c56-8d96-525076f52526_1080x720.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BUH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9586758a-de05-4c56-8d96-525076f52526_1080x720.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BUH!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9586758a-de05-4c56-8d96-525076f52526_1080x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BUH!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9586758a-de05-4c56-8d96-525076f52526_1080x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BUH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9586758a-de05-4c56-8d96-525076f52526_1080x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BUH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9586758a-de05-4c56-8d96-525076f52526_1080x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BUH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9586758a-de05-4c56-8d96-525076f52526_1080x720.jpeg" width="1080" height="720" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9586758a-de05-4c56-8d96-525076f52526_1080x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:162473,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;The word no capital written on a wall&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="The word no capital written on a wall" title="The word no capital written on a wall" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BUH!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9586758a-de05-4c56-8d96-525076f52526_1080x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BUH!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9586758a-de05-4c56-8d96-525076f52526_1080x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BUH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9586758a-de05-4c56-8d96-525076f52526_1080x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BUH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9586758a-de05-4c56-8d96-525076f52526_1080x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@purzlbaum">Claudio Schwarz</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><div><hr></div><p><em>Hungary&#8217;s S&#225;ndor Demj&#225;n Capital Program is being hailed as the country&#8217;s "largest-ever SME program"&#8212;but a closer look at the criteria reveals it&#8217;s far from inclusive. With revenue and headcount thresholds that exclude 85&#8211;90% of SMEs, this initiative primarily serves a narrow, elite segment, all while being marketed as a systemic reform. It&#8217;s a flagship program designed for the few, marketed to the many.</em></p><div><hr></div><p></p><p>Chronic capital poverty has defined Hungary&#8217;s small- and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) for three decades&#8212;undercapitalized, overleveraged, and locked into a vicious cycle where growth is nearly unattainable.</p><p>Given this, a large-scale equity program isn&#8217;t just welcome&#8212;it&#8217;s long overdue. </p><p>The real question is whether the recently announced <strong>S&#225;ndor Demj&#225;n Capital Program</strong> actually addresses this critical need or merely gives the illusion of reform.</p><p></p><h3>The S&#225;ndor Demj&#225;n Capital Program </h3><p>According to the Hungarian Government, the <strong>S&#225;ndor Demj&#225;n Capital Program</strong> is a flagship initiative within the broader <strong>S&#225;ndor Demj&#225;n Program</strong>, aimed at accelerating growth and strengthening Hungarian SMEs. The Hungarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (Magyar Kereskedelmi &#233;s Iparkamara) claims about the program:</p><blockquote><p><a href="https://mkik.hu/tokeprogram">&#8220;The aim of the S&#225;ndor Demj&#225;n Capital Program is to encourage investments by micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, to strengthen their capital base, and thereby improve their creditworthiness. The program pays particular attention to supporting investments related to infrastructure and capacity expansion, market expansion, exports, technological development, digitalization, improvements in energy efficiency, and business development.&#8221;</a></p></blockquote><p>It&#8217;s also touted as the largest SME capital program ever launched in Hungary.</p><p>With an initial allocation of HUF 100 billion, the program offers equity-like capital ranging from HUF 100 million to HUF 200 million to eligible SMEs. The cost of capital is set at an annual 5%, significantly below market rates.</p><p>Crucially, businesses can access the funds with a 0% equity contribution and no collateral, which improves creditworthiness and unlocks additional financing opportunities.</p><p><a href="https://dailynewshungary.com/demjan-sandor-programme-scales-up-sme-eur-242/">The program is jointly implemented by</a>:</p><ul><li><p>The <strong>Hungarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry</strong> (MKIK)</p></li><li><p><strong>National Capital Holding</strong> (NTH)</p></li><li><p>The <strong>Hungarian Development Bank</strong> (MFB)</p><p></p></li></ul><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading Marketingcountry | Critical Hungary Blog! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p><h3>Program Target Group</h3><p>The officially communicated target group includes Hungarian micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises that meet the following criteria:</p><ul><li><p>At least <strong>two closed financial years</strong></p></li><li><p>An average annual revenue of at least <strong>HUF 300 million</strong> (approx. &#8364;750k)</p></li><li><p>A minimum of <strong>two employees</strong></p></li><li><p>At least <strong>50% Hungarian ownership</strong></p></li></ul><p>The funding can be used flexibly for purposes including expansion, acquisitions, digitalization, renewable energy, marketing, hiring, inventory financing, consulting, follow-on investments, and even owner-management buyouts.</p><p></p><h3>A Reality Check: Beyond Political Spin</h3><p>Sounds like a great initiative, right?</p><p>As of July 2025, <strong>over 55 companies</strong> have already received approval, totaling HUF 10.8 billion. The program is said to <a href="https://trademagazin.hu/hu/ngm-mar-tobb-mint-felszaz-ceg-fejlesztesi-terveirol-szuletett-dontes-a-demjan-sandor-tokeprogramban/">aim to support </a><strong><a href="https://trademagazin.hu/hu/ngm-mar-tobb-mint-felszaz-ceg-fejlesztesi-terveirol-szuletett-dontes-a-demjan-sandor-tokeprogramban/">500&#8211;600 enterprises</a></strong><a href="https://trademagazin.hu/hu/ngm-mar-tobb-mint-felszaz-ceg-fejlesztesi-terveirol-szuletett-dontes-a-demjan-sandor-tokeprogramban/"> in total</a>. Certainly, this is great news for those 55 companies that secured support.</p><p>But what happens when political marketing meets the hard data?</p><div id="datawrapper-iframe" class="datawrapper-wrap outer" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/JBhQd/4/&quot;,&quot;thumbnail_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9f86b04e-5029-4052-b821-f6f81792c4e2_1220x914.png&quot;,&quot;thumbnail_url_full&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/942c7b25-a8ba-430b-828d-1b3c63ab4178_1220x1160.png&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:572,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Business performance indicators by small and medium-sized enterprise category&quot;,&quot;description&quot;:&quot;2023 SME Indicators: Number of Businesses and Employees, Revenues per Employee  ('million HUF)&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true}" data-component-name="DatawrapperToDOM"><iframe id="iframe-datawrapper" class="datawrapper-iframe" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/JBhQd/4/" width="730" height="572" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" loading="lazy"></iframe><script type="text/javascript">!function(){"use strict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(e){if(void 0!==e.data["datawrapper-height"]){var t=document.querySelectorAll("iframe");for(var a in e.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var r=0;r<t.length;r++){if(t[r].contentWindow===e.source)t[r].style.height=e.data["datawrapper-height"][a]+"px"}}}))}();</script></div><p>According to the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (KSH), there are approximately <strong>902,000 businesses</strong> operating in Hungary. Of these, <strong>99% are classified as SMEs</strong>.<br>Interestingly, <strong>73% of all businesses are sole proprietors or have fewer than two employees</strong>, meaning they fall outside the headcount criteria for micro-enterprises.<br>Roughly <strong>22% of Hungarian businesses employ between 2 and 9 people</strong>, placing them within the official definition of micro-enterprises by headcount.</p><p>Based on an average revenue of <strong>&#8364;54,000 per employee</strong> for micro-enterprises (2&#8211;9 employees), a <strong>9-person firm</strong> is estimated to generate approximately <strong>&#8364;486,000</strong> in annual revenue. (Rounded to <strong>&#8364;490,000</strong> for simplicity; assumes a constant per-head revenue across firm sizes.)</p><p>Based on these numbers, it&#8217;s clear the program is designed for a <strong>very narrow segment of SMEs</strong>:</p><ul><li><p><strong>4% of SMEs</strong> qualify as <strong>small enterprises</strong> (with average revenue of &#8364;101,000 per head)</p></li><li><p><strong>0.6% of SMEs</strong> qualify as <strong>medium-sized enterprises</strong> (with average revenue of &#8364;163,000 per head)</p></li></ul><p>While the political messaging frames the program as a <strong>broad solution for all SMEs</strong>, its <strong>eligibility criteria effectively exclude ~95% of businesses</strong>.</p><p>A very small, top-performing subset of <strong>micro-enterprises</strong>&#8212;those with higher-than-average revenue&#8212;would meet the minimum requirements. In fact, over <strong>99%</strong> of micro-enterprises are excluded from the program by default.</p><p>In the best case, this program in reality targets the <strong>top 5%</strong> of the SME universe.</p><p></p><h3>Summing Up the Numbers</h3><p>Although the program is marketed as a broad initiative for SMEs, a closer look at the data reveals that it <strong>effectively excludes 95% of Hungarian SMEs</strong>.</p><p><a href="https://kormany.hu/hirek/mar-tobb-mint-felszaz-ceg-fejlesztesi-terveirol-szuletett-dontes-a-demjan-sandor-tokeprogramban">As of the latest figures</a> (end of July 2025), <strong>only 55 companies</strong> have been approved.<br>According to recent government statements, the target is to reach <strong>500&#8211;600 companies by year-end</strong>.</p><p>When these numbers are extrapolated across the SME landscape, the true <strong>participation rate is just 0.06&#8211;0.07%</strong>. </p><p>Even when focusing only on the relevant <strong>small and medium-sized enterprises</strong> (excluding micro-enterprises), the rate <strong>barely reaches 1.2&#8211;1.4%</strong>.</p><p>This is yet another example of a program <strong>designed for the few but sold to the many</strong>&#8212;a familiar marketing (or propaganda) tool often employed by the current government.<br>It does <strong>not represent systemic reform</strong>, nor does it signal a genuine commitment to supporting SMEs at large. Rather, it <strong>reinforces the position of a small, already well-placed elite</strong> within the SME sector.</p><p>While the financial support may be meaningful for the selected few, the program <strong>fails to engage with the broader structural challenges</strong> faced by Hungarian SMEs&#8212;particularly the <strong>micro-enterprises that make up the overwhelming majority</strong>.</p><p></p><h3>Key Takeaways: A Narrative Summary</h3><p>Despite being promoted as a broad solution for Hungary&#8217;s small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the program in question leaves the country&#8217;s core business segment untouched. </p><p>The <strong>real structural problems remain unaddressed</strong>.</p><p>Hungary is home to over <strong>850,000 micro-enterprises</strong>, employing nearly <strong>1.3 million people</strong> and indirectly supporting an estimated <strong>2.5 to 3 million citizens</strong>. These are not fringe operators&#8212;they are the foundation of the Hungarian economy. Yet, they are persistently <strong>excluded from policy considerations</strong>, treated as marginal players in economic planning. This isn&#8217;t just poor economics. <strong>It&#8217;s bad governance.</strong></p><p>Hungary&#8217;s economic performance has <strong>lagged behind</strong> its Central and Eastern European (CEE) peers for decades. This is not a coincidence. The country&#8217;s <strong>long-term stagnation</strong> can be traced back to the <strong>systematic neglect of micro-enterprises</strong>&#8212;the very entities that drive grassroots entrepreneurship, regional employment, and innovation.</p><p>Look across the region, and a pattern emerges: <strong>countries that invest more strategically in their SMEs are consistently outperforming Hungary</strong> on key economic indicators. These governments have recognized that SMEs are more than a policy talking point&#8212;they are a <strong>growth engine</strong>. In contrast, Hungary&#8217;s approach has placed <strong>artificial ceilings</strong> on business development, through policies that <strong>inhibit scale, reduce flexibility, and suppress competitiveness</strong>.</p><p>A perfect example of this is the recent <strong><a href="https://www.vatcalc.com/eu/eu-2025-vat-registration-thresholds-equivalence-for-foreign-businesses/">2025 EU VAT reform</a></strong> for small enterprises. The updated EU SME Special Scheme introduces two thresholds for VAT excemption:</p><ul><li><p>A <strong>domestic threshold</strong> (up to &#8364;85,000) within the country of establishment</p></li><li><p>A <strong>cross-border threshold</strong> (&#8364;100,000), allowing small businesses to sell in other EU countries without registering separately in each jurisdiction&#8212;provided they stay under the limit and submit quarterly reports using a designated EX number</p></li></ul><p>This reform opens the door for <strong>EU-resident small businesses</strong> to expand across the single market under simplified VAT conditions. However, each <strong>member state sets its own domestic threshold</strong>, and this is where Hungary&#8217;s policy choices again fall short.</p><p>While many <a href="https://www.vatcalc.com/czech/czech-confirms-doubling-of-vat-registration-threshold/">CEE countries have adopted higher thresholds and more inclusive flat-tax regimes, </a><strong><a href="https://www.vatcalc.com/czech/czech-confirms-doubling-of-vat-registration-threshold/">Hungary maintains a threshold of just &#8364;45,000</a></strong>. The result? <strong>Around 80% of Hungarian micro-enterprises are excluded</strong> from leveraging the new VAT regime. This isn&#8217;t a minor technical detail&#8212;it&#8217;s a <strong>structural chokehold</strong> on the ambitions of small entrepreneurs.</p><p>Hungarian business owners are effectively <strong>punished for growing</strong>, blocked from simplified regulatory schemes that their counterparts in neighboring countries can freely access. <strong>The ecosystem is fragmented and constrained&#8212;not just by market forces, but by design</strong>.</p><p>This is not simply policy inertia. It reflects a deeper systemic problem.</p><p>When a government continuously <strong>ignores the majority to protect the privileges of a well-positioned minority</strong>, it&#8217;s not reform&#8212;it&#8217;s <strong>regression dressed up as policy</strong>.</p><p>Yes, the current program may bring tangible benefits to a select few. But for the overwhelming majority of SMEs&#8212;especially the micro-enterprises who form the backbone of the economy&#8212;it offers little more than a reminder of their ongoing exclusion.</p><p></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Disagree? Good. I don&#8217;t write to be right&#8212;I write to be tested. Bring your Tenth Man view, your sharpest counterpoint, or even a quiet doubt&#8212;so long as it builds on data. The most useful critique is often the one that unsettles my own thinking.</em></p><p><em>Don&#8217;t forget to subscribe for more Critical Hungary Insights!</em></p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/designed-for-the-few-marketed-to?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/designed-for-the-few-marketed-to?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/designed-for-the-few-marketed-to/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/designed-for-the-few-marketed-to/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Politics of Persuasion: Strategic Branding in Hungary’s Electoral Landscape]]></title><description><![CDATA[Orb&#225;n Was Winning Like a Brand. The Opposition Still Hasn&#8217;t Learned How.]]></description><link>https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/orban-wins-like-a-brand-the-opposition</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/orban-wins-like-a-brand-the-opposition</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Zoltán Bodó]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 2025 08:01:12 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1540910419892-4a36d2c3266c?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHx2b3RlfGVufDB8fHx8MTc1NDYyMjI1N3ww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1540910419892-4a36d2c3266c?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHx2b3RlfGVufDB8fHx8MTc1NDYyMjI1N3ww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1540910419892-4a36d2c3266c?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHx2b3RlfGVufDB8fHx8MTc1NDYyMjI1N3ww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 424w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1540910419892-4a36d2c3266c?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHx2b3RlfGVufDB8fHx8MTc1NDYyMjI1N3ww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 848w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1540910419892-4a36d2c3266c?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHx2b3RlfGVufDB8fHx8MTc1NDYyMjI1N3ww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 1272w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1540910419892-4a36d2c3266c?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHx2b3RlfGVufDB8fHx8MTc1NDYyMjI1N3ww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1540910419892-4a36d2c3266c?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHx2b3RlfGVufDB8fHx8MTc1NDYyMjI1N3ww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080" width="4000" height="2667" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1540910419892-4a36d2c3266c?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHx2b3RlfGVufDB8fHx8MTc1NDYyMjI1N3ww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2667,&quot;width&quot;:4000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;a person is casting a vote into a box&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="a person is casting a vote into a box" title="a person is casting a vote into a box" srcset="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1540910419892-4a36d2c3266c?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHx2b3RlfGVufDB8fHx8MTc1NDYyMjI1N3ww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 424w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1540910419892-4a36d2c3266c?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHx2b3RlfGVufDB8fHx8MTc1NDYyMjI1N3ww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 848w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1540910419892-4a36d2c3266c?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHx2b3RlfGVufDB8fHx8MTc1NDYyMjI1N3ww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 1272w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1540910419892-4a36d2c3266c?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHx2b3RlfGVufDB8fHx8MTc1NDYyMjI1N3ww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@element5digital">Element5 Digital</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><em>This essay explores how political branding has shaped Hungary&#8217;s electoral landscape.</em> <em>Prime Minister Viktor Orb&#225;n&#8217;s ruling Fidesz&#8211;KDNP coalition has secured four consecutive supermajorities by building a clear, emotionally resonant brand centered on belonging, security, and control &#8212; executed with long-term strategic discipline. In contrast, the opposition has consistently failed to articulate a shared purpose, identity, or message. Fragmented, reactive, and protest-driven, it has lacked emotional connection and struggled to present a compelling alternative. The result: four decisive victories for the ruling coalition, and four defeats for the opposition. Hungarian voter behavior is driven less by ideology than by emotion. Without strategic brand-building, opposition parties remain ineffective &#8212; even as dissatisfaction with Fidesz grows.</em></p><div><hr></div><p></p><p>Conventional wisdom suggests that leaders must &#8220;walk the talk.&#8221; My usual contrarian approach is the reverse this time: focus on the <em>talk</em> rather than the <em>walk</em>. In this essay, I deliberately set aside the question of whether the political &#8220;product&#8221; delivers. Instead, I analyze the communication, the narrative work, and the branding strategies that underpin Fidesz&#8217;s dominance.</p><p>As a marketer, I know that branding is one of the most effective long-term investments. Strong brands <a href="https://www.kantar.com/campaigns/brandz-downloads/kantar-brandz-most-valuable-global-brands-2025">generate superior shareholder returns, wheather crises with resilience, and recover faster</a>. Politics is no different. A brand is not a slogan but a system &#8212; multi-layered and strategically constructed. When executed well, it includes:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Brand Core</strong>: a clear blueprint and purpose</p></li><li><p><strong>Brand Identity</strong>: coherent architecture and visual design</p></li><li><p><strong>Brand Positioning</strong>: a well-defined market address</p></li><li><p><strong>Brand Experience</strong>: a narrative about how it feels to engage with the brand</p></li><li><p><strong>Brand Communication</strong>: a distinct and consistent voice</p></li><li><p><strong>Brand Consistency</strong>: unified messaging and visuals</p></li><li><p><strong>Brand Engagement</strong>: a strong bond with its community</p></li></ul><p>This essay is therefore not a policy analysis but an exercise in political marketing &#8212; focused on branding and brand strategy.</p><p>From an objective standpoint, since returning to power in 2010, Orb&#225;n&#8217;s Fidesz&#8211;KDNP coalition has delivered one of the most consistent, strategically disciplined, and impactful political communication campaigns in post-communist Europe &#8212; arguably even by Western standards. </p><p>From a marketing perspective, the government operated like a high-performance boutique brand: continuously investing in communication, cultivating emotional loyalty, asserting narrative dominance, and shaping public discourse with remarkable discipline.</p><p>The opposition, by contrast, has often explained its failures by pointing to government propaganda, media dominance, or the supposed ignorance of voters. While these factors cannot be dismissed entirely, they also serve as convenient excuses that deflect responsibility. The deeper problem is simpler: in marketing terms, the opposition is vastly less professional.</p><p>This essay aims to unpack some of the branding layers &#8212; particularly in the formative 2010&#8211;2015 period &#8212; that established Fidesz&#8217;s enduring dominance.</p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading Marketingcountry | Critical Hungary Blog! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p><h5>Take 1: </h5><h2><strong>Political Marketing Has to Understand the Need States Driving Political Brand Choice</strong></h2><p>The year 2010 marks a pivotal milestone in Hungarian political marketing. It was when Viktor Orb&#225;n and the Fidesz&#8211;KDNP coalition won the elections, launching four consecutive supermajorities. </p><p>Understanding this &#8220;ground zero&#8221; moment is crucial to analyzing their success, extracting lessons, and applying them today for the benefit of democracy as a whole.</p><p>Ahead of the 2010 national elections, the Hungarian branch of Synovate (now Ipsos), a global marketing research firm, released insights on how political brands were positioned during the national election campaign.</p><p>Travelling back to understand this &#8220;ground zero&#8221; moment, revisiting Synovate&#8217;s (now Ipsos) proprietary Censydiam model reveals important insights. The analysis treats political choice not as a rational or ideological decision, but as an emotionally driven act rooted in subconscious motivations.</p><p>Unlike consumer goods, political brands are complex constructs made up of people, values, narratives, and cultural signals. Yet, like consumer products, political brands succeed only when they satisfy specific emotional and psychological needs of voters &#8212; essentially, political &#8220;need states.&#8221;</p><p><strong>Understading the Censydiam Framework</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YD1s!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F199c4092-d498-4337-8ccd-dbab8df0f8d1_699x452.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YD1s!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F199c4092-d498-4337-8ccd-dbab8df0f8d1_699x452.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YD1s!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F199c4092-d498-4337-8ccd-dbab8df0f8d1_699x452.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YD1s!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F199c4092-d498-4337-8ccd-dbab8df0f8d1_699x452.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YD1s!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F199c4092-d498-4337-8ccd-dbab8df0f8d1_699x452.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YD1s!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F199c4092-d498-4337-8ccd-dbab8df0f8d1_699x452.jpeg" width="699" height="452" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/199c4092-d498-4337-8ccd-dbab8df0f8d1_699x452.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:452,&quot;width&quot;:699,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:47661,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;source: 2010/04/12 Synovate Hungary Press Release&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.marketingcountry.hu/i/170358963?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc7f5c30-1803-4cb4-85c6-98058518082f_699x452.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="source: 2010/04/12 Synovate Hungary Press Release" title="source: 2010/04/12 Synovate Hungary Press Release" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YD1s!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F199c4092-d498-4337-8ccd-dbab8df0f8d1_699x452.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YD1s!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F199c4092-d498-4337-8ccd-dbab8df0f8d1_699x452.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YD1s!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F199c4092-d498-4337-8ccd-dbab8df0f8d1_699x452.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YD1s!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F199c4092-d498-4337-8ccd-dbab8df0f8d1_699x452.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">...source: 2010/04/12 Synovate Consulting Press Release</figcaption></figure></div><p></p><p>The <strong>Censydiam model</strong> is built around two axes:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Horizontal:</strong> Individualism (self-driven) vs. Collectivism (community-driven)</p></li><li><p><strong>Vertical:</strong> Openness (trust, extroversion) vs. Closedness (doubt, introversion)</p></li></ul><p>These intersecting axes create <strong>eight distinct motivational segments</strong>, each representing a different psychological driver of brand &#8212; or voter &#8212; choice:</p><div id="datawrapper-iframe" class="datawrapper-wrap outer" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/BEHji/1/&quot;,&quot;thumbnail_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ba87862f-f50c-4003-bd3c-41e3fefe874d_1260x660.png&quot;,&quot;thumbnail_url_full&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:406,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Censydiam Motivational Segments and Brand Choice Drivers&quot;,&quot;description&quot;:&quot;Censydiam Motivational Segments and Brand Choice Drivers from Synovate Hungary Press Release April 12, 2010.&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true}" data-component-name="DatawrapperToDOM"><iframe id="iframe-datawrapper" class="datawrapper-iframe" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/BEHji/1/" width="730" height="406" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" loading="lazy"></iframe><script type="text/javascript">!function(){"use strict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(e){if(void 0!==e.data["datawrapper-height"]){var t=document.querySelectorAll("iframe");for(var a in e.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var r=0;r<t.length;r++){if(t[r].contentWindow===e.source)t[r].style.height=e.data["datawrapper-height"][a]+"px"}}}))}();</script></div><p>Because 80% of human behavior is subconscious, voters often choose parties based on what <em>feels</em> right emotionally, rather than stated beliefs.</p><p>Therefore people often <strong>don&#8217;t vote according to what they say they believe</strong>, but based on emotional alignment &#8212; which parties, brands, or leaders "feel right" to them.</p><p><strong>Mapping Political Brands to Motivation Segments</strong></p><p>Political ideologies and political brands, the press release argues, are no different &#8212;also map to these needs. </p><div id="datawrapper-iframe" class="datawrapper-wrap outer" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/4zFr8/1/&quot;,&quot;thumbnail_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ce15a54c-eb91-4786-aae1-fa7c1ed3e704_1260x660.png&quot;,&quot;thumbnail_url_full&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:339,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Censydiam Motivational Segments and Ideology Choice Drivers&quot;,&quot;description&quot;:&quot;Censydiam Motivational Segments and Ideology Choice Drivers from Synovate Hungary Press Release April 12, 2010.&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true}" data-component-name="DatawrapperToDOM"><iframe id="iframe-datawrapper" class="datawrapper-iframe" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/4zFr8/1/" width="730" height="339" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" loading="lazy"></iframe><script type="text/javascript">!function(){"use strict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(e){if(void 0!==e.data["datawrapper-height"]){var t=document.querySelectorAll("iframe");for(var a in e.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var r=0;r<t.length;r++){if(t[r].contentWindow===e.source)t[r].style.height=e.data["datawrapper-height"][a]+"px"}}}))}();</script></div><p>Earlier Synovate (now Ipsos) studies also found that <strong>Hungarian voters cluster heavily in the Belonging and Security segments</strong>, with a secondary presence in Control. This makes Hungary a voter base that is emotionally drawn to <strong>community, protection, and order</strong> &#8212; more than novelty, prestige, or fun.</p><p><strong>Hungarian Political Parties in the 2010 Campaign</strong></p><p>Understanding this, successful political parties in Hungary are those who <strong>speak directly to these motivations</strong> &#8212; and those that don&#8217;t often fail to connect with voters, regardless of their policy platform. During the 2010 election campaign, the analysis mapped Hungarian political parties based on how their <strong>campaign messages and branding aligned with motivational needs</strong>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vt0B!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb3be658-38a2-4067-bfbe-181458006653_752x475.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vt0B!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb3be658-38a2-4067-bfbe-181458006653_752x475.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vt0B!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb3be658-38a2-4067-bfbe-181458006653_752x475.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vt0B!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb3be658-38a2-4067-bfbe-181458006653_752x475.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vt0B!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb3be658-38a2-4067-bfbe-181458006653_752x475.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vt0B!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb3be658-38a2-4067-bfbe-181458006653_752x475.png" width="752" height="475" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bb3be658-38a2-4067-bfbe-181458006653_752x475.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:475,&quot;width&quot;:752,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:100024,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.marketingcountry.hu/i/170358963?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d2bc2a6-0bdc-4a3e-95e8-7e18a717d225_752x475.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vt0B!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb3be658-38a2-4067-bfbe-181458006653_752x475.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vt0B!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb3be658-38a2-4067-bfbe-181458006653_752x475.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vt0B!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb3be658-38a2-4067-bfbe-181458006653_752x475.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vt0B!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbb3be658-38a2-4067-bfbe-181458006653_752x475.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">source: 2010/04/12 Synovate Consulting Press Release</figcaption></figure></div><ul><li><p><strong>Jobbik (far-right nationalist):</strong> Positioned clearly in the Control segment, emphasizing national self-governance, law and order, with uniforms and disciplined imagery.</p></li><li><p><strong>LMP (green/liberal):</strong> Targeted Recognition, appealing to young urban voters with creative visuals and &#8220;being different&#8221; messaging.</p></li><li><p><strong>MDF &amp; Civic Movement:</strong> Lacked clear positioning, falling between Enjoyment and Conviviality, leading to electoral irrelevance.</p></li><li><p><strong>Fidesz&#8211;KDNP (center-right):</strong> Centered on Belonging (+++) and Security (+), using family-oriented visuals and slogans promoting stability.</p></li><li><p><strong>MSZP (socialist):</strong> Claimed Security (+++) and Belonging (+), but failed to emotionally outcompete Fidesz.</p></li></ul><p>Notably, <strong>both mass parties operated in overlapping motivational zones</strong>, but Fidesz outperformed by presenting a more <strong>trustworthy and emotionally aligned narrative</strong>, especially in post-crisis Hungary.</p><p><strong>Key Strategic Takeaways from the Press Release</strong></p><ul><li><p>Voter choice is <strong>emotional first, ideological second</strong>.</p></li><li><p><strong>Clarity beats complexity</strong>: niche parties must own a single motivational space.</p></li></ul><p>Hungary&#8217;s dominant <strong>voter needs are Belonging, Security, and Control</strong>. Successful brands own and reinforce these spaces consistently.</p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading Marketingcountry | Critical Hungary Blog! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p><h5><strong>Take 2: </strong></h5><h2><strong>There is a Need for Offering Alternative to Orb&#225;n&#8217;s Political Brand About Clarity and Control</strong></h2><p>Since 2010, Viktor Orb&#225;n&#8217;s Fidesz has established itself as one of Europe&#8217;s most effective political brands, excelling across nearly every branding layer during its first two terms.</p><p>Fidesz built its dominance by excelling across every major layer of branding &#8212; and by venturing into advanced strategic territories.</p><p><strong>Brand Core</strong>: They articulated a clear mission and emotionally charged purpose. Since 2010, Fidesz has consistently framed itself as the protector of Hungary&#8217;s sovereignty, Christian values, and national identity &#8212; a unifying vision that resonated across elections.</p><p><strong>Brand Identity</strong>: They cultivated a stable and recognizable image. Consistent use of national colors, familiar fonts, slogans such as <em>&#8220;Hungary is doing better&#8221;</em>, and Orb&#225;n&#8217;s central, CEO-like figure reinforced a coherent political identity.</p><p><strong>Brand Positioning</strong>: They claimed key emotional territories &#8212; Belonging, Security, and Control. By presenting themselves as the party of stability and tradition, in contrast to a fragmented opposition, Fidesz aligned with voter fears and aspirations in uncertain times.</p><p><strong>Brand Experience</strong>: They staged campaigns as emotional, community-driven spectacles. Large-scale rallies, family-centered visuals, and grassroots events fostered belonging and pride, making political participation feel empowering and communal.</p><p><strong>Brand Communication</strong>: They mastered simple, emotionally resonant messaging. Narratives like <em>&#8220;Stop Brussels&#8221;</em>, <em>&#8220;Protect our families&#8221;</em>, and <em>&#8220;Let&#8217;s not become like the West&#8221;</em> relied on repetition and moral framing to build lasting associations.</p><p><strong>Brand Consistency</strong>: They reinforced stability through disciplined leadership and centralized control. Orb&#225;n&#8217;s continued role, long-term communication strategy, and message alignment across all party levels sustained trust and brand strength.</p><p><strong>Brand Engagement</strong>: They cultivated a strong bond with their community, positioning themselves not just as a political party but as a cultural identity. Like Apple or Nike, Fidesz sells a lifestyle: belonging to the &#8220;true Hungary.&#8221;</p><p><strong>Narrative Expansion</strong>: They broadened appeal by selectively adopting left-wing themes such as family subsidies or wage growth, reframed within nationalist rhetoric. This allowed the brand to resonate across social classes while preserving ideological coherence.</p><p><strong>Global Positioning</strong>: Like a boutique brand, Hungary under Fidesz commands disproportionate global attention. Bold, polarizing messages amplified by international media make the brand larger than its domestic market size.</p><p><strong>Brand Risks</strong>: The model is not without vulnerabilities. Heavy reliance on fear-based messaging risks voter fatigue; international reputational damage could erode credibility abroad; and without innovation, the brand may stagnate.</p><p>Fidesz&#8217;s success illustrates how professional, disciplined branding can shape political outcomes over the long term. By systematically building a clear mission, recognizable identity, emotionally resonant positioning, and engaging narratives &#8212; while expanding into global attention and lifestyle-based appeal &#8212; the party created a brand that transcends ordinary politics. Its dominance is not simply a product of resources or government control, but of sustained, strategic brand management. Understanding these layers helps explain why the opposition has struggled to compete: without comparable brand clarity, coherence, and emotional resonance, even widespread dissatisfaction with the ruling party fails to translate into electoral success.</p><p></p><h5><strong>Take 3: </strong></h5><h3>Regain the Occupied Traditional Left-Wing Spaces or Find New Proprietary Narratives</h3><p>Part of Orb&#225;n&#8217;s success comes from strategically occupying emotional spaces traditionally associated with the left:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Utility price cuts</strong> framed as protection from foreign corporations.</p></li><li><p><strong>Family benefits</strong> implemented through a nationalist lens.</p></li><li><p><strong>Anti-globalist rhetoric</strong> targeting the EU, George Soros, and multinational corporations.</p></li><li><p><strong>Worker-centric messaging</strong> blending pro-labor rhetoric with nationalist themes.</p></li></ul><p>By appropriating these areas, Fidesz limits the opposition&#8217;s ability to claim distinctive, proprietary narratives. For the opposition to regain relevance, they must work harder to identify issues and narratives that genuinely resonate with voters &#8212; ones that reflect their values while addressing contemporary concerns.</p><p></p><h5>Take 4: </h5><h2>Missed Opportunities and Weaknesses Define the Opposition&#8217;s Brand Void</h2><p>In stark contrast to Fidesz&#8217;s disciplined and emotionally resonant branding, the Hungarian opposition between 2010 and 2025 consistently struggled to construct a coherent political brand. While the ruling party delivered clarity, the opposition projected confusion &#8212; reactive, fragmented, and emotionally unanchored. Across seven core branding dimensions, the weaknesses are especially visible:</p><p><strong>Brand Core</strong>: The opposition lacked a unified purpose or emotional mission. MSZP (Hungarian Socialist Party) drifted between diluted social democracy and short-term populist gestures, while the Democratic Coalition (DK), led by former Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcs&#225;ny, focused more on opposing Orb&#225;n than presenting a forward-looking national vision. Without a compelling blueprint or shared direction, the opposition&#8217;s offer felt like rejection rather than renewal, failing to inspire lasting loyalty.</p><p><strong>Brand Identity</strong>: Parties repeatedly rebranded into obscurity. Names, logos, slogans, and alliances shifted frequently. LMP gradually lost its distinctiveness, Together 2014 offered little coherence, and Momentum struggled to maintain a singular identity as it expanded. Voters were left unsure who stood for what &#8212; or why.</p><p><strong>Brand Positioning</strong>: Most opposition parties defined themselves primarily as &#8220;anti-Fidesz,&#8221; rather than clarifying what they stood for. Jobbik&#8217;s shift from far-right nationalist to centrist alliance partner blurred ideological lines and alienated its base. MSZP and DK often competed in the same space, undermining collective appeal. Without a clear address in the political market, voters struggled to locate them.</p><p><strong>Brand Experience</strong>: Opposition events lacked emotional pull. Unlike Fidesz&#8217;s large-scale rallies, Momentum&#8217;s &#8220;NOlimpia&#8221; campaign in 2017 was a rare grassroots success. Most other events felt transactional &#8212; opportunities to engage were limited, sporadic, and rarely repeatable.</p><p><strong>Brand Communication</strong>: Messaging was often complex, technocratic, or overly negative. MSZP and DK emphasized policy details and bureaucratic critique, missing the emotional and symbolic language that connects with voters. Social media efforts were inconsistent; Momentum leveraged digital platforms effectively, but in isolation. Overall, opposition communication focused on resistance rather than vision.</p><p><strong>Brand Consistency</strong>: Frequent leadership changes, shifting alliances, and internal conflicts undermined public trust. Each election cycle brought new logos, new leaders, or new crises, preventing the delivery of a steady, reliable narrative.</p><p><strong>Brand Engagement</strong>: Opposition presence outside urban centers was limited. Momentum reached younger, educated voters, but broader grassroots networks were weak. The 2022 opposition alliance appeared top-down and disconnected in rural communities, whereas Fidesz maintained local networks and year-round engagement.</p><p>The opposition did not fail solely because of Orb&#225;n&#8217;s strength; it failed because it never built a coherent, emotionally resonant, and strategically disciplined brand. While Fidesz offered voters a mission, identity, and community, the opposition offered only protest and resentment. Slogans like &#8220;O1G&#8221; express anger but fail to build vision or emotional connection, limiting appeal to moderate or undecided voters.</p><p>Unless the opposition addresses this branding deficit &#8212; uniting around a shared mission, streamlining its identity, and connecting emotionally with Hungary&#8217;s dominant voter needs (Belonging, Security, Control) &#8212; it will continue to lose not only elections, but trust.</p><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/orban-wins-like-a-brand-the-opposition?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">This post is public so feel free to share it with any one who appreciates independent, critical fact-based thinking!</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/orban-wins-like-a-brand-the-opposition?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/orban-wins-like-a-brand-the-opposition?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><p></p><h5><strong>Take 5: </strong></h5><h2><strong>Opposition Without Vision is Constantly Locked in a Endless Protest Loop</strong></h2><p>From 1990 to 2010, Hungarian politics was dominated by cycles of protest driven more by voter fatigue than by visionary alternatives. </p><p>Today, the opposition risks falling into the same trap. Outrage-driven campaigns, clickbait-style slogans, and aggressive rhetoric &#8212; such as the viral <em>O1G</em> hashtag or anti-Orb&#225;n memes &#8212; may capture attention online and generate likes and shares, but they fail to build credibility, trust, or lasting voter loyalty. Relying on <em>O1G</em> as a platform is neither strategic marketing nor effective brand building; it lacks vision and offers voters no compelling alternative.</p><p>By contrast, Fidesz combines emotional resonance with disciplined, multi-layered branding. Slogans like <em>&#8220;Stop Brussels&#8221;</em> and <em>&#8220;Protect our families&#8221;</em> are not only attention-grabbing, they are consistent, repeatable, and tied to a clear mission. The party amplifies these narratives across rallies, social media, and grassroots events, reinforcing identity, belonging, and long-term engagement. The opposition, in contrast, remains trapped in reactive protest: visible and viral, but fleeting and strategically hollow.</p><p>The lesson is clear: attention alone does not translate into influence or votes. To compete effectively, opposition parties must move beyond outrage-driven campaigns and memes, and instead develop a <strong>coherent brand strategy</strong>. This requires defining a unifying mission, crafting emotionally resonant narratives, and consistently communicating a vision that addresses voters&#8217; core needs &#8212; Belonging, Security, and Control. Only by building a disciplined, authentic, and strategically designed political brand can the opposition transform short-term online engagement into lasting trust and electoral success, creating a credible alternative to Fidesz&#8217;s entrenched dominance.</p><p></p><h5><strong>Conclusion</strong></h5><h2><strong>Protest Might Win, But It Won&#8217;t Build</strong></h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_NSC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf1461db-271f-4f4a-9522-1e589aa6a5dc_1080x607.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_NSC!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf1461db-271f-4f4a-9522-1e589aa6a5dc_1080x607.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_NSC!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf1461db-271f-4f4a-9522-1e589aa6a5dc_1080x607.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_NSC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf1461db-271f-4f4a-9522-1e589aa6a5dc_1080x607.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_NSC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf1461db-271f-4f4a-9522-1e589aa6a5dc_1080x607.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_NSC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf1461db-271f-4f4a-9522-1e589aa6a5dc_1080x607.jpeg" width="1080" height="607" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cf1461db-271f-4f4a-9522-1e589aa6a5dc_1080x607.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:607,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:41550,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;blue Work Harder neon signage&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="blue Work Harder neon signage" title="blue Work Harder neon signage" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_NSC!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf1461db-271f-4f4a-9522-1e589aa6a5dc_1080x607.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_NSC!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf1461db-271f-4f4a-9522-1e589aa6a5dc_1080x607.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_NSC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf1461db-271f-4f4a-9522-1e589aa6a5dc_1080x607.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_NSC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf1461db-271f-4f4a-9522-1e589aa6a5dc_1080x607.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@whitfieldjordan">Jordan Whitfield</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>Let&#8217;s be honest: Hungarian politics has been a playground for propaganda for far too long. </p><p>Between 2010 and 2018, Fidesz&#8211;KDNP proved that disciplined, emotionally intelligent marketing could win hearts and minds. They built a brand, told a story, and created a sense of belonging. Then, somewhere along the way, the marketing compass broke. In the last two terms, exaggeration, fear, and top-down messaging crept in. Propaganda became the tool of choice. Fear replaced vision. Control replaced dialogue. Perhaps it&#8217;s no coincidence that this shift coincided with a slowdown in the country&#8217;s economic performance &#8212; when the underlying &#8220;product&#8221; falters, the messaging became louder, sharper, and more manipulative to compensate.</p><p>Meanwhile, the opposition has been living in propaganda&#8217;s shadow all along &#8212; reactive, clickbait-driven, outrage-based, and ever-chasing viral attention. <em>O1G</em>, memes, hashtags &#8212; they grab likes, but they don&#8217;t build trust. Even new voices like P&#233;ter Magyar, bright and visible, carry echoes of Fidesz&#8217;s inner circles and haven&#8217;t learned the craft of ethical persuasion. They are trapped in a loop: protest as performance, not as a pathway to lasting influence.</p><p>Here&#8217;s the contrarian truth: the path to real change is not louder shouting. It&#8217;s disciplined ethical marketing. And that comes with rules &#8212; the do&#8217;s and don&#8217;ts too often ignored:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Do use facts, not lies.</strong> Don&#8217;t distort reality.</p></li><li><p><strong>Do respect opponents.</strong> Don&#8217;t dehumanize or scare-monger.</p></li><li><p><strong>Do listen to all (!!!) voters.</strong> Don&#8217;t speak past them.</p></li><li><p><strong>Do be transparent.</strong> Don&#8217;t hide your intent behind fake neutrality.</p></li><li><p><strong>Do use emotion honestly.</strong> Don&#8217;t manipulate fear or hatred.</p></li><li><p><strong>Do allow debate.</strong> Don&#8217;t silence dissent.</p></li><li><p><strong>Do maintain ethical standards.</strong> Don&#8217;t cut corners.</p></li></ul><p>Here&#8217;s the twist: if your strategy feels comfortable, you&#8217;re probably wrong. </p><p>Ethical marketing in Hungary will require imagination, courage, and a willingness to break the cycle of reactive outrage. Clicks, shares, and viral outrage will not build a movement. Vision, discipline, and ethical persuasion just might.</p><p>Sell what people <strong>feel they need</strong>, not just what they scream for online. </p><p>Belonging. Security. Control. </p><p>These aren&#8217;t slogans &#8212; they are the human drivers every strategist ignores at their peril.</p><p></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Disagree? Good. I don&#8217;t write to be right &#8212; I write to be tested. Bring your &#8220;Tenth Man&#8221; perspective, your sharpest counterpoint, or even a quiet doubt &#8212; as long as it is supported by evidence and data. Sometimes the most useful critique is the one that unsettles my own thinking.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Don&#8217;t forget to subscribe for more Critical Hungary Insights!</em></p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/orban-wins-like-a-brand-the-opposition/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/orban-wins-like-a-brand-the-opposition/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/orban-wins-like-a-brand-the-opposition?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.criticalhungary.hu/p/orban-wins-like-a-brand-the-opposition?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>